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23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Monthly Precipitation.

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Presentation on theme: "23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Monthly Precipitation."— Presentation transcript:

1 23.5 24.0 24.5 25.0 25.5 26.0 26.5 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

2 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

3 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 0.0 12.5 25.0 37.5 50.0 62.5 75.0 Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

4 10 15 20 25 30 35 Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) 0 6 12 18 24 30 Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

5 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

6 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

8 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

9 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

11 TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

12 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Temperature Figure 6.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

13 Steep hillslope Shallow, rocky soils Dry, compacted soil Urban Park Urban Canyon LakeCornfieldForest Clearing GrasslandForest Deep, moist, loamy soil Dry, clay soil Urban Canyon River Floodplain Wet, sandy soil Plains MesoclimateMountain Mesoclimate Fallow Field Figure 6.13 Ridgetop Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

14 Altitude Angle Horizontal Surface Perpendicular To Surface Sun Zenith Angle, Z Incidence Angle, i Sloped Surface Slope Angle, s Altitude Angle Horizontal Surface Perpendicular To Sloped Surface Sun Zenith Angle, Z Figure 6.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15 EastWest South Horizontal South-Facing Slope East-Facing Wall South North South North West East 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0102030405060708090 Slope Angle, s View Factor Terrain Sky Slope Angle, s Figure 6.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

16 Perpendicular To Slope Direct Beam = 1.00 S  Diffuse: 95% Of Sky 27  South Slope 27  North Slope Incidence Angle, 54  45  South Slope 45  North Slope Direct Beam = 0.95 S  Diffuse: 85% Of Sky Incidence Angle, 72  Direct Beam = 0.31 S  Diffuse: 85% Of Sky Direct Beam = 0.59 S  Diffuse: 95% Of Sky Perpendicular To Slope Altitude Angle, 63  Slope, 27  Zenith Angle, 27  Perpendicular To Slope Altitude Angle, 63  Slope, 27  Zenith Angle, 27  18  Slope, 45  Altitude Angle, 63  Zenith Angle, 27  Slope, 45  Altitude Angle, 63  Perpendicular To Slope Zenith Angle, 27  Sky Is Blocked Figure 6.16 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

17 Figure 6.17 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

18 7:00 June 21, Direct Radiation 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 4:008:0012:0016:0020:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) June 21, Global Radiation 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 4:008:0012:0016:0020:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) HorizontalNorth WallEast WallSouth WallWest Wall December 21, Direct Radiation 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 7:009:0011:0013:0015:0017:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) December 21, Global Radiation 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 9:0011:0013:0015:0017:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) Figure 6.18 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

19 21.5 22.0 21.0 20.5 19.5 19.0 22.5 340 380 420 340 460 340 Elevation from 340 m to 540 m by 40 m 380 420 460 500 540 20.0 Temperature from 19.0 o C to 22.5 o C by 0.5 o C 200 m North scale Figure 6.19 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

20 15 o C 300 m 900 m 1200 m 30 o C 27 o C 24 o C 21 o C 18 o C 21 o C 24 o C 27 o C 30 o C 600 m dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) 300 m 900 m 1200 m 30 o C 27 o C 18 o C 24 o C 21 o C 19.5 o C21 o C 24 o C 27 o C 30 o C 33 o C 600 m dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) moist adiabatic lapse rate 0.5 o C/100 m (3 o F/1000 ft) Figure 6.20 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

21 10 Elevation Of Warmest Temperature (meters) 0 5 15 20 25 30 650700750800850900 Frequency Elevation (meters) Temperature ( o C) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 600800100012001400 0600 hours 1200 hours 1800 hours 2400 hours Figure 6.21 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

22 Figure 6.22 100150 200250 300 350 Day of year 400 100150 200250 300 350 Day of year 400 100150 200250 300 350 Day of year 400100150 200250 300 350 Day of year 400 1500 1000 500 0 1500 1000 500 0 Cumulative Flux (MJ m -2 ) 1500 1000 500 0 1500 1000 500 0 RnRn E H G Cumulative Flux (MJ m -2 ) Upland Small lake Medium lake Large lake Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

23 JunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan FebMarAprMay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 Depth (meters) Temperature (  C) Ice Cover 8 14 18 23 22 20 16 4 3 14 12 8 6 10 12 10 8 6 Figure 6.23 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

24 Onshore At Surface Warm Land Cool Water Sensible Heating Of Air Column L H Offshore Aloft H L Sensible Heating Of Air Column Warm Water Cool Land Offshore At Surface Onshore Aloft H L H L Figure 6.24 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

25 0 2 4 6 8 10 181920212223 Temperature ( o C) Height (meters) Figure 6.25 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

26 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 -20020406080100 Clearing Diameter (meters) Temperature Difference ( o C) 5 10 15 20 25 -250255075100 Distance From Forest Edge (meters) Temperature ( o C) Day Night Figure 6.26 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

27 Figure 6.27 -120 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 012345678910 Ratio Of Clearing Diameter To Forest Height (D/H) Net Radiation (W m -2 ) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

28 10-50-10152025305 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Of Wind In Open Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height) 60% 100% 90% 80% 70% 40% 50% 110% 90% 80% 70% wind -10-5051015202530 Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height) Medium Density Plan View (percent of wind in open) 60% High density Medium density Low density Windbreak Figure 6.28 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

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