2. India Changes over Time

3. Europeans Arrive Portugal controlled India for years because they wanted to control the spice trade Portugal controlled India for years because they wanted to control the spice trade Later the British challenged the Portuguese Later the British challenged the Portuguese trade began to grow trade began to grow an alliance between local rules & GB was formed an alliance between local rules & GB was formed Local leadership for strong for awhile Local leadership for strong for awhile

4. British East India Company

5. British Gain Territory Negotiated treaties with kingdoms – company stationed troops & collect taxes in return for protection Negotiated treaties with kingdoms – company stationed troops & collect taxes in return for protection By entering disputes between princes By entering disputes between princes Annexing the areas because of no dominant central power Annexing the areas because of no dominant central power Trade diversified Trade diversified British Government – began to question authority of the company British Government – began to question authority of the company

6. British Crown Rule GB built infrastructure – roads, bridges, railroads, telegraph lines, irrigation systems GB built infrastructure – roads, bridges, railroads, telegraph lines, irrigation systems –Extracted raw materials and sent them to Great Britain to be processed –Established market for manufactured goods

7. What is nationalism? a feeling of pride, loyalty, and devotion to a country

8. Tensions begin to build… 1885 – Indian National Congress is formed 1885 – Indian National Congress is formed –Reform movement 1 st calling for moderate change then independence & freedom – tired of being second class citizens Divided into moderate and extremist groups Divided into moderate and extremist groups –Widespread protests, British goods boycotted, attacks on British officials, extremist leaders were jailed

10. Muslim League Formed to work for the rights of Muslims in India – Formed to work for the rights of Muslims in India – Did not want to be controlled by a Hindu state Did not want to be controlled by a Hindu state

11. WWI & WWII Up to a million Indian soldiers served in WWI (Contributed large amounts of food and ammunition) Up to a million Indian soldiers served in WWI (Contributed large amounts of food and ammunition) Fighting for freedom when they didn’t have freedom Fighting for freedom when they didn’t have freedom After the war – increased nationalism resulted in more Indian participation in the government at a local level After the war – increased nationalism resulted in more Indian participation in the government at a local level INC did not support WWII INC did not support WWII

13.  Most important political & spiritual leader in achieving independence for India was Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi—The Mahatma (The Great Soul).  Led the INC  Believed in nonviolence or civil disobedience  Indians participated in mass protests  Gandhi led nonviolent protests, marches, and boycotts of British goods

14. Gandhi’s efforts continue… Appealed for national unity Appealed for national unity Many protests successful Many protests successful Was jailed several times and his popularity increased Was jailed several times and his popularity increased GB became convinced it was impossible to maintain control GB became convinced it was impossible to maintain control Some conflicts begin between the Indian congress and the Muslim league Some conflicts begin between the Indian congress and the Muslim league

16. In 1948, at the age of 78, while on his way to a prayer meeting, in New Delhi, Gandhi was assassinated. A high-ranking Brahman, who feared Gandhi’s program of tolerance for all creeds and religions, shot him three times.

17. Gandhi’s legacy His beliefs and actions have inspired civil rights movements across the globe. His beliefs and actions have inspired civil rights movements across the globe. He is an icon of world peace. He is an icon of world peace. His birthday, 2 nd October, is commemorated worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence. His birthday, 2 nd October, is commemorated worldwide as the International Day of Non-Violence.

18. After withdrawl… Increasing amounts of Hindu vs. Muslim violence occurred 1947 – Great Britain announces it will leave the Indian Subcontinent by June 1948 July 15, 1947 – Britain announces that in one month two independent countries of India and Pakistan will be established

20. Partition of India and Pakistan Boundaries had to be drawn in a month Boundaries had to be drawn in a month Assets had to be divided Assets had to be divided Some 10 million South Asians fled their homes – fearing they would soon be in a country that did not support their beliefs Some 10 million South Asians fled their homes – fearing they would soon be in a country that did not support their beliefs –Hindus and Sikhs fled from Pakistan to into India –Muslims moved from India to Pakistan  Many died in the violence that resulted

22. India & Pakistan gained independence in August 1947 India & Pakistan gained independence in August 1947 East & West Pakistan become Pakistan and Bangladesh East & West Pakistan become Pakistan and Bangladesh

23. India’s Partition

24. South Asia Today India and Its Neighbors

25. India’s Culture second most populated country (over 1.1 billion people) second most populated country (over 1.1 billion people) Most Indians live… Most Indians live… – in rural areas. – in the North. – along the coast. – in extended families. – in castes. Hindi and English are official languages. Hindi and English are official languages. Most Indians practice Hinduism. Most Indians practice Hinduism.

26. India’s Government World’s largest democracy (federal republic) World’s largest democracy (federal republic) Government structure: Government structure: – Prime Minister (runs the country) – President (little power) – Parliament

27. India’s Economy Although India is one of the world’s highest GDPs, many of its people live in poverty. Although India is one of the world’s highest GDPs, many of its people live in poverty. Most Indians work in agriculture. Most Indians work in agriculture. There is an increasing numbersof high tech and industrial jobs. There is an increasing numbersof high tech and industrial jobs. Currency is the rupee. Currency is the rupee.

28. Issues and Challenges Facing India Urbanization: Urbanization: – high population density (overcrowded) – poverty – educational inequality caste system caste system gender inequality gender inequality – environmental issues deforestation deforestation Asian Brown Cloud Asian Brown Cloud water pollution water pollution

29. India & Pakistan Today The partition of India originally left both countries devastated. The partition of India originally left both countries devastated. Since their division, two wars have been fought between the countries. Since their division, two wars have been fought between the countries. conflict over the area of Kashmir conflict over the area of Kashmir terrorism and nuclear weapons terrorism and nuclear weapons