1. Light

2. electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight.
People make and use light for many other purposes than to see by
Using scientific instruments, people can study light itself and learn much about the universe

3. Early Ideas about Light
Corpuscular Theory
Discovered by Isaac Newton
Using a prism, he found that each color in a beam of white light could be separated
A light consists of tiny particles that travel in straight lines through space

4. Early Ideas about Light
Wave Theory
Discovered by Christiaan Huygens
Behavior of light
In 1678, Dutch physicist, Christiaan Huygens, believed that light was made up of waves vibrating up and down perpendicular to the direction of  the light travels, and therefore formulated a way of visualising wave propagation.

5. Early Ideas about Light
Electromagnetic Theory
Proposed by James Clerk Maxwell
The influence that changing electric fields and magnetic fields have on one another allows for the travel of waves

6. Early Ideas about Light
Quantum Theory of Light
Max Planck discovered an equation that matched experimental data about emission of light by a hot surface
Tiny emitters of light can have only certain values of energy
Einstein(1913) revealed that light itself is quantized
Quanta – a light comes in a tiny packet of energy
Photons - a particle of light

7. Sources of Light
Natural light- comes from sources that we do not control
Artificial light- comes from sources that we control

8. Other Sources of Light
Luminescence – is emission of light by a substance not resulting from heat; it is thus a form of cold body radiation
Bioluminescence- chemicals within the organisms combine to produce a different chemical that has exited atoms
Aurora- caused by the collision of energetic charged particles with atoms in the high altitude atmosphere
Laser – produces a powerful, narrow beam of light in which all the photons have the same energy and travel in the same direction

9. Features
Wavelength- distance along a straight line from one crest of the wave to the next
Frequency- the number of times each second that crests pass a stationary checkpoint
Amplitude- the greatest distance of a crest from the ray
Remember!
the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength

10. A wave’s energy corresponds to it’s amplitude
A wave’s energy corresponds to it’s amplitude. The greater the amplitude, the more energy the wave has. The energy of a light wave also corresponds to it’s frequency. The wavelength determines the color of the light. Just like a wave.. c =fλ Where c – the speed of light f – the frequency in Hz λ – the wavelength in m

11. Example: Find the wavelength of yellow light whose frequency is 5 x 10 Hz and of radio waves whose frequency is 1 MHz. (1MHz = 1 megahertz = 10 Hz) Given frequency of yellow light (fyellow) 5 x 10 frequency of radio waves (frw) 1 MHz Find a. Wavelength of yellow light (λyellow) b. Wavelength of radio waves (λrw) 14 6 14

12. Solution The wavelength of the yellow light is given by the formula λ=c/f . For (a) : λyellow = c/f = (3 x 10 m/s) / (5 x 10 Hz) Since Hz unit is per second or s = 6.00 x 10 m = 600 nm Which is less than 1/1000 of a millimeter, (1nm = 10 ) 14 8 -1 8 14 -7 th -9

13. Solving for (b), let us first convert 1 MHz to Hz, Using the formula λ = c/f λrw = c/f = (3 x 10 m/s) / (1 x 10 Hz) = 3m 8 6

14. Is light wave or particle?
The light is strictly neither
Transverse wave – vibrations are perpendicular to the motion and speed of the wave

15. Is light wave or particle?
Electromagnetic radiation – refers to it’s generation from alternately oscillating electric and magnetic fields

16. Electromagnetic Waves
Light consists of electric and magnetic fields
Violet light- has the shortest wavelength that is visible
Red light- has the longest
Ultra Violet- waves that have wavelengths slightly too short to be seen
X-rays – waves that somewhat shorter than ultraviolet rays

17. Electromagnetic Waves
Infrared rays – waves with wavelengths slightly longer than those of red light
Continuous spectrum – creates from the spread of sunlight into it’s different colors by prism
Microwaves and radio waves – have longer wavelengths than infrared waves
Spectrometer – a device used to separate colors.