2. Benji Baker Mentor: Michael Schodlok Division 324 August 20, 2008

3. ECCO2: Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean, Phase II ● Problem: How can we estimate the ocean state? ● High Resolution Global-Scale Ocean and Sea- Ice Data Synthesis

4. Outline How we record observations and collect data Features of the model Benefits to society Website improvements Data visualization Outlook

5. Satellites ● TOPEX/Poseidon ● JASON ● OSTM/JASON-2

6. In Situ Data from Ocean Instruments ● Argo floats ● XBT ● CTD ● PIRATA ● Moorings ● As a float ascends, a series of typically 200 pressure, temperature, and salinity measurements are made and stored on board the float. These are transmitted to satellites when the float reaches the surface. Source: http://www-argo.ucsd.edu/ and the Office of Naval Research

7. MITgcm ● ECCO2 data syntheses are obtained by least squares fit of a global full-depth- ocean and sea-ice configuration of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology general circulation model (MITgcm) to the available satellite and in-situ data. ● An objective function, also called a cost function, expresses the extent of optimization: J = u T Q -1 u + n T R -1 n

8. JPL/ECCO2 Cubed-Sphere Solution Terminology: ● CS510 ● Grid spacing

9. What is the difference between ECCO and ECCO2? ● ECCO2 does a better job modeling the sea ice in the Arctic Ocean ● Higher resolution: 18 km

10. Why should we care? ● Climate forecasting ● Fisheries ● Oil barges ● Coral reefs ● Ship routes ● Safe sailing

11. Experiments:

13. Dependency Tree:

14. Key Time Series:

15. Drake Passage Transport ● The sverdrup is a unit of measure of volume transport. It is equivalent to 10 6 cubic meters per second. ● Recent studies suggest that the water transport in the Gulf Stream steadily increases from 30 Sv in the Florida Current to a maximum of 150 Sv at 55°W longitude. The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is equal to about 1 sverdrup. ● Mild climate of north- western Europe

16. Florida Strait Transport ● The sverdrup is a unit of measure of volume transport. It is equivalent to 10 6 cubic meters per second. ● Recent studies suggest that the water transport in the Gulf Stream steadily increases from 30 Sv in the Florida Current to a maximum of 150 Sv at 55°W longitude. The entire global input of fresh water from rivers to the ocean is equal to about 1 sverdrup. ● Mild climate of north- western Europe

18. MGPLOT GUI

22. Climate Change

23. Summary of Results and Outlook ● Easier, expanded data access! ● Streamlined sensitivity experiments layout ● Room for growth as the ECCO2 project progresses (key time series, project highlights,...)

24. Acknowledgements ● My mentors, Michael Schodlok and Dimitris Menemenlis ● JPL Education Office ● SURF funding