1. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach – 7 th edition Chapter 9 Organizing Your Speech This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: · any public performances or display, including transmission of any image over a network; · preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; · any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Steven A. Beebe & Susan J. Beebe

2. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 “Organized thought is the basis of organized action.” - Alfred North Whitehead

3. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Topically. Chronologically. Spatially. Cause & Effect. Problem & Solution. Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization.

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Organizing Ideas Topically Ideas naturally divide. Ideas cover types of topics. Ideas broken down by:  Recency (save most memorable point for last).  Primacy (first point is most convincing).  Complexity (simple to complex points).  Speaker decisions (on what themes should be points).

5. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Topically Organizing Your Main Ideas Benefits of bilingual education Types of living arrangements for college students I. Cultural II. Intellectual III. Professional I. Dormitory II. Apartment III. Fraternity/Sorority IV. Home

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Ordering Ideas Chronologically Ideas arranged based on sequence of steps. Ideas need to be arranged in specific order. History speeches. “How to” speeches (process).

7. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Chronologically Organizing Your Main Ideas Stripping paint From furniture Evolution of Rock & Roll I. Prepare surface II. Apply chemicals III. Remove with scraper IV. Clean and sand. I. 1960’s Rock & Roll II. 1970’s Rock & Roll III. 1980’s Rock & Roll IV. 1990’s Rock & Roll

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Arranging Ideas Spatially When each idea has a specific location or direction. Can focus on different parts of a building, organization, machine, etc. Can examine different regions of a city, nation, continent, etc.

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Spatially Organizing Your Main Ideas Regions impacted by Hurricane Katrina Places to study on campus I.New Orleans II.State of Louisiana II.State of Mississippi IV.State of Alabama I. Classrooms II. Student Union III. Libraries IV. Computer Labs

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Organizing Ideas to show Cause and Effect Ideas show relationship between certain factors and certain results. From effect to cause. From cause to effect.

11. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Cause and Effect Organizing Your Main Ideas Effect to CauseCause to Effect I. Huge national debt (Effect) I.Increased pollution emissions (Cause) II.Government overspending. (Cause) II. Warmer global climate (Effect)

12. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Organizing Ideas by Problem & Solution A relationship between something that is wrong, and how it can be corrected. From problem to solution. From solution to problem.

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Problem and Solution Organizing Your Main Ideas Problem to SolutionSolution to Problem I.Increased crime on college campuses (Problem) I.Service learning benefits students & the community (Solution) II.Stricter enforcement of Campus Security Act. II.Assign student ID #’s. III.Use key cards in buildings (Solutions) II.Cities have a lack of volunteers for social service agencies. II.Students are not getting real world experience (Problems)

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Main Ideas Acknowledging Cultural Differences in Organization U.S. Speakers Semitic Speakers Asian Speakers Romance and Russian Speakers More linear. More direct. More likely to pursue tangents. May appear “off topic.” More likely to be circuitous. Not as direct. Start with a basic principle. Gradually connect to a main point.

15. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Subdividing Your Main Ideas Arrange main points with one pattern, and subpoints with another pattern. Consider how ideas naturally divide; those logical divisions will determine the types of patterns to follow.

16. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Subdividing Your Main Ideas An example: I.Problems with campus parking A.Parking in East Halls B.Parking in North Halls C.Parking in Admin Central II.Solutions to the problems A.This year: Expand Campus lots on Memorial Street. B.Next year: Renovate Woodbury Garage C.Third year: Finalize joint ownership of the city garage. (Problem and Solution) (Spatial) (Problem and Solution) (Chronological)

17. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Integrating Your Supporting Material Write notes for supporting material on note cards. Place each note card under the idea that it supports.

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Organizing Your Supporting Material By primacyGive the most powerful support first. By recencySave the strongest support for last. By specificityGive more detailed support first, or at the end. By complexityBegin with simple support. By “soft” & “hard” evidence Begin with opinions & inferences. End with facts & statistics.

19. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Developing Signposts Ways of moving from idea to idea. Types:  Transitions (indicate changes):  Verbal- “first, next, therefore, etc.”  Nonverbal- pause, change in pitch, walk to another location, etc.  Previews (indicate what comes next).  Summaries (review what was said):  Final Summaries (review all points).  Internal Summaries (review portions inside body).

20. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 Supplementing Signposts with Presentation Aids Overhead transparencies could signal the next idea. Showing slides can signal movements from one idea to the next. Playing a video can preview the next point.