2. Pax Romana

3. Overview Intro –Prosperity –State Functions Emperors and Political History Romanization of Provinces

4. Roman Emperors Overview –Heredity –“Good” “Bad” “Crazy” –Lurking Power of Army Julio-Claudians Flavians Five Good Emperors Conclusion

5. aaa 2 3 5 4

6. Tiberius (Ruled 14-37 AD)

7. Gaius (37-44), nicknamed Caligula (“little boot”) by the troops from when he was a little boy, was branded a total madman by ancient historians. Considering that he supposedly made his horse a consul, they were probably right. Julio-Claudians Augustus Tiberius Caligula

8. Gaius (37-44), nicknamed Caligula (“little boot”) by the troops from when he was a little boy, was branded a total madman by ancient historians. Considering that he supposedly made his horse a consul, they were probably right. Julio-Claudians Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius

9. After the murder of the worthless Caligula, the Praetorian Guard found his cousin, Claudius, hiding behind a curtain and declared him the new emperor. Supposedly Claudius had played dumb to escape notice (and execution) in the unpredictable world of court politics.

10. In fact, Claudius was well educated in literature and medicine as seen where he treats a patient for some sort of ailment (left). The empire continued to prosper under his rule.

11. Nero, emperor from 54-68 CE, came to the throne at age 17. He was initially a good ruler, but later on turned into something of a tyrant. However, imperial government ran smoothly during his reign. Julio-Claudians Augustus Tiberius Caligula Claudius Nero

12. Among Nero’s antics was taking part in the chariot races in the Olympic Games, which, of course, he won. After his death, officials at Olympia purged the record of this travesty.

13. In July, 64 C.E., a massive fire destroyed much of Rome. Modern archaeological research has found an iron gate melted down by the heat of the blaze. The historian Tacitus tells us that many people suspected Nero of setting the fire, so he deflected blame on a new religious sect, the Christians.

14. While he did persecute the Christians, as Hollywood emphasized in the 1950s, there were too few Christians in Rome or the empire to amount to much at the time. The really serious persecutions did not take place until the late 3rd century.

15. When rebels led by the general, Galba, were closing in on Nero, he committed suicide, exclaiming “What an artist in me dies.”

16. Nero’s death signaled the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty and triggered a 4- way struggle for the throne in what became known as the Year of Four Emperors (69 C.E.). GalbaOthoVitellius Vespasian

17. Vespasian (69-78) re-established strong stable rule for the empire. Flavians

18. Titus (78-80), Vespasian’s son and successor finished putting down the Jewish revolt and displayed the plunder from the temple as seen on his triumphal arch (below right). He also was responsible for the building of the Roman Colisseum (bottom left).

19. Domitian (80-96) was especially hated by the Roman historian, Tacitus, who claimed he was so sadistic that he would spend his time catching flies and pulling off their wings.

20. Nerva (96-98) was the first of the five “Good emperors” who were chosen for their ability and appointed successors on the basis of their ability. The last of these emperors, Marcus Aurelius (161-180), finally broke the pattern by having his son, Commodus, succeed him.

21. Nerva’s chosen successor, Trajan (98-117), conquered Dacia north of the Danube River. It was the last province conquered by Rome and would be the first one given up.

22. Trajan’s Column in Rome, with its imposing spiral relief sculpture depicting his Dacian campaigns, is one of our best sources of information about the Roman army during the Pax Romana, showing details of his campaign as well as the tactics and equipment of the Roman army at that time.

23. An overview of Trajan’s Forum

24. Trajan’s empire By his death in 117 CE, Trajan had defeated the Parthians and added Mesopotamia to the empire, bringing it to its greatest extent.

25. Hadrian is probably best remembered for Hadrian’s Wall, the line of fortifications he built across northern Britain.

26. Antoninus Pius (138-161) continued to oversee the Pax Romana, with nothing dramatic happening during his reign. However, the reign of his successor, Marcus Aurelius (161-180) would see what would prove to be the beginning of the end for the Roman Empire. Antoninus Pius (138-161) Marcus Aurelius (161-180)

27. Conclusion Commodus How Much Control Did An Emperor Have?

28. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride Despite the decline after fall of W. Roman Empire, civilization survives in Byz. Emp. & monasteries in W. Europe  Revives during the Italian Renaissance in 1400s (FC.76) Cities in East retain older Greek lang. & culture Greek culture carried on by Byzantine (E. Roman) Emp. (FC.44) Cities less deeply rooted in W. Emp. than East Cities & civiliz. decline drastically after fall of W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36) Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

29. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)

30. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32)

31. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31)

32. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31)

33. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

34. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Roman troops are stationed where? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

35. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Peace-> promoted what? Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

36. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Whom did many city dwellers act like & why? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

37. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds what? Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32) Lugdunum -Founded after Caesar conquers Gaul -Becomes Admin Center -2 nd Century: 40-200,000 peopl -Aqueducts and drainage -Run by a sort of “senate” and has Republican officials (e.g. Quaestors)

38. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Who would settle near the camp? Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

39. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp What did non- citizen soldiers get & do after their terms of service? Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

40. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Where did citizen legionaries settle down and with whom? Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

41. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Where did heavy Romanization esp. take place? Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

42. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

43. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride How Romanized were cities in the East? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

44. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride Cities in East retain older Greek lang. & culture Greek culture carried on by Byzantine (E. Roman) Emp. (FC.44) Cities in W compared to East? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

45. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride Cities in East retain older Greek lang. & culture Greek culture carried on by Byzantine (E. Roman) Emp. (FC.44) Cities less deeply rooted in W. Emp. than East Cities & civiliz. In West after the fall of the W. Roman Empire? Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

46. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride Long term fate of Roman civ. After fall of W. Empire? Cities in East retain older Greek lang. & culture Greek culture carried on by Byzantine (E. Roman) Emp. (FC.44) Cities less deeply rooted in W. Emp. than East Cities & civiliz. decline drastically after fall of W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36) Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)

47. A a FC.33 THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CIVILIZATION IN WESTERN EUROPE DURING THE PAX ROMANA (31 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) Heavy Romanization of urban areas & nobles’ villas in W. Europe, but less so in remote rural areas which keep older native cultures Merchants & other camp followers settle near the camp Non-citizen soldiers (settle by camp & become citizens after their discharge Citizen legionaries marry local women & settle by camp after their discharge Military camps grow into Roman cities since: Peace promotes growth of native towns into cities Roman troops are stationed in the provinces Peacetime army builds 51,000 miles of paved roads Cities copy Roman govt. & customs  Gain Roman citizenship Influx of trade & Roman & Italian merchants to the provinces Roman Empire functions as a virtual confederation of cities which serve as centers of local government, culture, & civic pride Despite the decline after fall of W. Roman Empire, civilization survives in Byz. Emp. & monasteries in W. Europe  Revives during the Italian Renaissance in 1400s (FC.76) Cities in East retain older Greek lang. & culture Greek culture carried on by Byzantine (E. Roman) Emp. (FC.44) Cities less deeply rooted in W. Emp. than East Cities & civiliz. decline drastically after fall of W. Rom. Emp. (FC.36) Rome conquers Britain (FC.32) Rome conquers Spain (FC.29B) Augustus establishes peace & stability (FC.32) Caesar conquers Gaul (FC.31) Rome conquers Dacia (FC.32)