1. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

2. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

3. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

4. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

5. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

6. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

7. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Density ρ = m/V

8. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

9. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Concentration C = m/V mg/L (g/m 3 ), μ g/L, ppm, ppb Molarity Mass percent Volume percent Mole fraction

10. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Figure 2.1 Schematic of cylinder described in Example 2.4.

11. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Gas phase ppmv = volume or mole fraction multiplied by 10 6 = (volume of pollutant gas/volume of gas mixture) 10 6 = (moles of pollutant gas/total moles of gas mixture) 10 6 Ideal Gas Law PV = nRT STP = 0 o C, 1 atmosphere pressure 1 mole V = nRT/P = 1 mole (0.08206) (273 + 0)/ 1 atm = 22.4 L At 25 o C, 1 atm V = 24.5 L

12. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey

13. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Dalton’s Law P = Σ P i = RT/V Σ n i Mole fraction y a y a = n a /n = P a /P

14. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Flow rates Volume flow rates, Q gpm, MGD, CFS Mass flow rates, Q v Kg/hr, lb m /hr With a dissolved constituent Q m = C X Q

15. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Figure 2.2 Schematic of pond described in Example 2.9.

16. Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458 All rights reserved. Introduction to Environmental Engineering, First Edition Richard O. Mines and Laura W. Lackey Figure 2.3 Illustrating the concepts of accuracy and precision: (a) accuracy, (b) precision, (c) accuracy with precision.