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4. Dilutions of Solutions Using Molarity in Calculations of Solutions Solution Stoichiometry Solution Concentration Aqueous Reactions > Solution Concentration Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry?campaign_content=book_187_section_49&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_m edium=direct&utm_source=boundless

5. Most commonly, a solution's concentration is expressed in terms of mass percent, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and normality. When calculating dilution factors, it is important that the units of volume and concentration remain consistent. Dilution calculations can be performed using the formula M1V1 = M2V2. A serial dilution is a series of stepwise dilutions, where the dilution factor is held constant at each step. Dilutions of Solutions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/aqueous-reactions-4/solution-concentration-49/dilutions-of- solutions-249- 6900?campaign_content=book_187_section_49&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless Dilutions View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions > Solution Concentration

6. Molar concentration, also called molarity, is the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. Molarity is the most common measurement of solution concentration. Because molarity measurements are mole/L measurements, we often use this unit for stoichiometric calculations to determine the amount of chemical in a given mixture. Do not confuse moles with molarity: molarity is a measure of concentration, while moles are a measure of the amount of substance. Using Molarity in Calculations of Solutions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/aqueous-reactions-4/solution-concentration-49/using-molarity-in- calculations-of-solutions-250- 1532?campaign_content=book_187_section_49&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless Molarity View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions > Solution Concentration

7. Stoichiometry deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. It can be used to find the quantities of the products from given reactants in a balanced chemical reaction, as well as percent yield. To calculate the quantity of a product, calculate the number of moles for each reactant. Moles of a product are equal to the moles of a limiting reactant in one-to- one reaction stoichiometry. To find product mass, moles must be multiplied by the product's molecular weight. In stoichiometric calculations involving solutions, a given solution's concentration is often used as a conversion factor. Solution Stoichiometry Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.www/boundless.com/chemistry/textbooks/boundless-chemistry-textbook/aqueous-reactions-4/solution-concentration-49/solution- stoichiometry-251- 1860?campaign_content=book_187_section_49&campaign_term=Chemistry&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=bou ndless Crystals of silver chloride (AgCl) View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions > Solution Concentration

8. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Appendix

9. Key terms dilution a solution that has had additional solvent, such as water, added to make it less concentrated molality the concentration of a substance in solution, expressed as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent molarity The concentration of a substance in solution, expressed as the number moles of solute per liter of solution. molarity the concentration of a substance in solution, expressed as the number moles of solute per liter of solution mole serial dilution stepwise dilution of a substance in solution solution a homogeneous mixture, either liquid, gas, or solid, formed by dissolving one or more substances stoichiometry the study and calculation of quantitative (measurable) relationships of the reactants and products in chemical reactions (chemical equations) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

10. Dilutions Dilutions can sometimes be visually observed. In the image above, the intense red color slowly fades as the solutions become more diluted. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Dilution-concentration simple example." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dilution-concentration_simple_example.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY-SAhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Dilution-concentration_simple_example.jpgView on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

11. Molarity Practice Problems - YouTube This video demonstrates practice problems with molarity, calculating the moles and liters to find the molar concentration. It also uses conversion factors to convert between grams and moles and between milliliters and liters. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

12. Molarity Molarity is a measurement of concentration, with units of mol solute per liter solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Amazon Web Services. "Boundless." CC BY http://s3.amazonaws.com/figures.boundless.com/50a81a33e4b0905d430ca60d/Slide2.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BYhttp://s3.amazonaws.com/figures.boundless.com/50a81a33e4b0905d430ca60d/Slide2.jpgView on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

13. Crystals of silver chloride (AgCl) Stoichiometry deals with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical reactions. It can be used to find the quantities of the products from given reactants in a balanced chemical reaction, as well as percent yield. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "AgCl pyramidal." CC BY 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride#mediaviewer/File:AgCl_pyramidal.jpg View on Boundless.comCC BY 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_chloride#mediaviewer/File:AgCl_pyramidal.jpgView on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

14. Solving Dilution Problems in Solution Chemistry CLEAR & SIMPLE - YouTube This video shows how to solve two dilution problems, using the standard dilution formula, M1V1 = M2V2. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

15. Molarity Practice Problems (Part 2) - YouTube Use molarity to convert between mass and volume in a solution. This video looks at how to use molarity as a conversion factor. If you know the molarity, you can solve for either the number of moles or the volume of a solution. Also, molarity is a ratio that describes the moles of solute per liter of solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

16. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions How can one prepare a 1.00 L of a 0.125 M H2SO4 solution? A) Dilute 36.0 mL of 1.25 M H2SO4 to a volume of 1.00 L. B) Add 950. mL of water to 50.0 mL of 3.00 M H2SO4. C) Add 500. mL of water to 500. mL of 0.500 M H2SO4 D) Dilute 20.8 mL of 6.00 M H2SO4 to a volume of 1.00 L.

17. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Biology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Biology/CC BY 3.0http://www.saylor.org/majors/Biology/ Aqueous Reactions How can one prepare a 1.00 L of a 0.125 M H2SO4 solution? A) Dilute 36.0 mL of 1.25 M H2SO4 to a volume of 1.00 L. B) Add 950. mL of water to 50.0 mL of 3.00 M H2SO4. C) Add 500. mL of water to 500. mL of 0.500 M H2SO4 D) Dilute 20.8 mL of 6.00 M H2SO4 to a volume of 1.00 L.

18. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions How many liters of a 1.6M solution of potassium bromide would be required if 3.2 moles of potassium bromide were desired? A) 2.0L B) 0.5L C) 20L D) 0.25L

19. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Aqueous Reactions How many liters of a 1.6M solution of potassium bromide would be required if 3.2 moles of potassium bromide were desired? A) 2.0L B) 0.5L C) 20L D) 0.25L

20. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions If 100mL of a 1 M solution of NaOH is mixed with 75mL of a 1 M solution of MgCl and the precipitation reaction is 2NaOH(aq)+MgCl2(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+Mg(OH)2(s), what is the mass of Mg(OH)2 formed in the reaction? A) 4.373 g B) 58.310 g C) 75.0 g D) 5.831 g

21. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.comwww.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/CC BY-SA 3.0http://www.boundless.com/ Aqueous Reactions If 100mL of a 1 M solution of NaOH is mixed with 75mL of a 1 M solution of MgCl and the precipitation reaction is 2NaOH(aq)+MgCl2(aq)→2NaCl(aq)+Mg(OH)2(s), what is the mass of Mg(OH)2 formed in the reaction? A) 4.373 g B) 58.310 g C) 75.0 g D) 5.831 g

22. Attribution Wikibooks. "Chemical Principles/Conservation of Mass and Energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Conservation_of_Mass_and_Energy#Concentration_Units:_Molarity_and_Mol alityCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemical_Principles/Conservation_of_Mass_and_Energy#Concentration_Units:_Molarity_and_Mol ality Wikipedia. "Molarity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MolarityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molarity Wikibooks. "Introductory Chemistry Online/Aqueous Solutions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Aqueous_Solutions#.C2.A0.C2.A07.4_Concentration_and_MolarityCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Aqueous_Solutions#.C2.A0.C2.A07.4_Concentration_and_Molarity Wikipedia. "Molarity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MolarityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molarity Wiktionary. "solution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solutionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/solution Wiktionary. "mole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moleCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mole Wiktionary. "molarity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molarityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molarity Wikibooks. "Introductory Chemistry Online/Aqueous Solutions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Aqueous_Solutions#.26.23160.3B.26.23160.3B7.5_Solution_Stoichi ometryCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Aqueous_Solutions#.26.23160.3B.26.23160.3B7.5_Solution_Stoichi ometry Wikipedia. "Stoichiometry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StoichiometryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry Wikipedia. "Stoichiometry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StoichiometryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry Wikibooks. "Introductory Chemistry Online/Quantitative Relationships." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Quantitative_Relationships#.26.23160.3B.26.23160.3B6.1_An_Intro duction_to_StoichiometryCC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Quantitative_Relationships#.26.23160.3B.26.23160.3B6.1_An_Intro duction_to_Stoichiometry Wiktionary. "molality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molalityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molality Wiktionary. "molarity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molarityCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molarity Wiktionary. "stoichiometry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stoichiometryCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stoichiometry Connexions. "Dilution." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m17123/latest/CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m17123/latest/ Connexions. "Dilution." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m17123/latest/CC BY 3.0http://cnx.org/content/m17123/latest/ Wiktionary. "dilution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dilutionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dilution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions

23. Wikipedia. "serial dilution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serial%20dilutionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/serial%20dilution Wikipedia. "Serial dilution." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_dilutionCC BY-SA 3.0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_dilution Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Aqueous Reactions