1. India in the Making of Europe

2. Focus on the Practical Not on Spiritual Nor on straight exploitation and concentration of Wealth in Britain But on the Application in Europe of Indian Mathematics, Science, technology and Socio-Political Ideas.

3. Geographical Definitions of India and Europe India Easy Europe More Difficult

4. ‘Europe’ as Cultural Entity Created by Islam. Byzantium and Western Europe Two largest fragments Fancy Name For Christendom

5. Three Gifts Amir Khusro Chess Panchatantra (Fables) (Arabic)Numbers

6. Mathematics Greek Disaster Mesopotamian and Egyptian superior numbers, possibility of fractions and irrationals. Platonic (Euclidian) geometry semi- religious, hostility to empiricism. Cult of “Proof” axioms, deduction. Indian drew on Greek but also on Mesopotamian “position.”

7. Indian (Arabic) Numbers Indian invention of zero Al Khwarizim,780-850 Algebra Egypto-Greek Geometry, Arabic Algebra Aral Sea, Uzbekistan Fibonacci Christian Resistance to “Infidel” numbers

8. Indian Astronomy, Trigonometry Ptolemy 2nd Century ? Aryabhatta 3rd Century Bhaskara (I) 6th Century Origin of “sine” Sanskrit Jya-ardha (Chord half) Jya Arabic jiba/jaib “bay” Latin sinus

9. Indian Mathematical Tradition Bhaskara II 12th Century Decline After Muslim Conquest Kerala School Madhava Infinite Series Series of Inverse tangent, Power series of sine and cosine Suspicion of “proof” Diffusion, Independent invention Complexity, Arbitrary nature,

10. Transmission from Cochin to Rome Jesuit College in Cochin 1552 Sanskrit, Malayalam Christopher Clavius 1537-1610 Reformed mathematics Problems with Calendar Reform Navigation Vasco da Gama Mercator Matteo Ricci 1552-1610

11. European mathematical breakthroughs of 17th century Descartes, Co-ordinate geometry Fermat, Diophantos Infinite Series Bhaskara Calculus, Newton, Leibniz

12. Technology 12

13. Sun Kings Akbar, (1542-1605) Mogul Louis XIV (1638-1715) Cardinal Mazarin 1602-1661

14. Politics 2 Caste and Race Vrna Colour François Bernier, John Locke “New Division of the Earth by the different species or races that inhabit it” 1684 Code Noir 1685

15. Politics 3 Religious Toleration François Bernier, John Locke A Letter Concerning Toleration 1689 Pierre Bayle India/China

16. Politics 3 Religious Toleration François Bernier John Locke Pierre Bayle