1. Ways of Knowing: Reason Reason

2. Cogito ergo sum

3. Reasoning Deductive Inductive

4. Deductive Reasoning: Syllogism All men are mortal Socrates is a man Therefore Socrates is mortal

5. All blims are blams Some blims are bloms Therefore some blams are bloms

6. - if the premises are valid - and the argument is valid - then the conclusion is valid

7. All panthers are pink Che Guevara is a panther Therefore Che Guevara is pink

8. Inductive reasoning

12. Deduction and induction compared

13. The Bases of Reason: The Laws of Thought 1 The law of identity: ‘Whatever is, is’ 2 The law of contradiction: ‘Nothing can both be and not be’ 3 The law of excluded middle: ‘Everything must either be or not be’

14. a priori knowledge

15. The Value of Reason rationalism- Philos. The doctrine or theory that emphasizes the role of reason in knowledge, or claims that reason rather than sense experience is the foundation of certainty in knowledge. Freq. contrasted with empiricism. (OED)

16. The Limits of Reason: The Cretan Paradox All Cretans are liars I am a Cretan Therefore I am a liar

17. Can reason be doubted? ‘It is an act of faith to assert that our thoughts have any relation to reality at all’ - G K Chesterton

18. Can reason be doubted? ‘The law of excluded middle is true when precise symbols are employed, but it is not true when symbols are vague, as, in fact all symbols are’ - Bertrand Russell

19. Can reason be doubted? ‘You can never step into the same river twice’ - Heraclitus

20. Logical Fallacies

21. Phi