2. Chapter # 2 Prepared By: Kamran Lecturer Kardan University Email address: kamranuni@yahoo.com

3. Origin of the terms Debit and Credit The terms Debit and Credit have Latin roots. Debit comes from Debere which means "to owe". The Latin debitum means "debt".debitum Credit comes from the Latin word Credere, which means "to believe" or "to entrust".Latin It is more common to use the plural terms "Debits" and "Credits". 2

4. Why we use Cr for Credit and Dr for Debit There are a few possible explanations. One theory asserts that the DR and CR come from the Latin words debitum and creditum which are "debere" and "credere", respectively. Another theory is that DR stands for "debit record" and CR stands for "credit record". Finally, some believe that DR notation is short for "debtor" and CR is short for "creditor". 3

5. Classes of Accounts Under American approach the accounts are classified into five categories. 1) Assets Accounts 2)Liabilities Accounts 3)Owner Equity(Capital) 4)Revenue Accounts 5)Expenses Accounts

6. 5 Assets Whatever business possesses which have to give future economic benefits are called asset OR All valuables possessed by a business are called assets. For Example land, building, furniture, car etc Kardan Institute of Higher Education

7. 6 Liabilities The claim of the external parties on the assets of the business is called Liabilities For Example Loan payable, Rent payable, Salaries payable etc. Kardan Institute of Higher Education I will pay you later

8. 7 Owner Equity It is the amount invested by the owner of the business. OR The residual claim of the owner on the assets of the business is called owner equity. Kardan Institute of Higher Education

9. 8 Revenue The price of goods sold or services rendered is called revenue. For Example If business sells 1000 pens @ 5 per pen then 5*1000= 5000 is its revenue. If 20 patient comes to a Doctor and he charges 200 fee from every patient then 20 * 200 =4000 is its revenue. Kardan Institute of Higher Education

10. 9 Expenses The cost of doing business is called expense. OR The cost of goods and services used up in the process of earning revenue is called expense. Examples. salaries, utility bills etc

11. Rules of Debit and Credit The rules of debit and credit related to five(5) kinds of accounts are stated as under: 1)For Assets Accounts: Increase in an assets account is recorded as Debit. Decrease in an assets account is recorded as Credit.

12. 2)For Liability Account: Decrease in liability account is recorded as Debit. Increase in liability account is recorded as Credit. 3)For Owner Equity OR Capital Account: Decrease in capital account is recorded as Debit. Increase in capital account is recorded as Credit.

13. 4)For Revenue Accounts: Decrease in revenue account is recorded as Debit. Increase in revenue account is recorded as Credit. 5)For Expense Account: Increase in expense account is recorded as Debit. Decrease in expense account is recorded as Credit.

14. Rules for Debit & Credit Nature of AccountDebitCredit AssetsIncreaseDecrease ExpensesIncreaseDecrease LiabilitiesDecreaseIncrease Owner EquityDecreaseIncrease RevenuesDecreaseIncrease

15. Classify the following into Assets, Liabilities, Owner Equity, Expenses and Revenue Machinery, Bank, Rent Paid, Cash, Sales, Purchases, Goodwill, Capital, Sales Return, Purchase Return, Car, Carriage, Commission Received, Account Receivable, Account Payable Furniture, Salaries, Land, Building, Repair charges, Equipments.

16. ©2008 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. 2- 15 Double-entry Accounting Each transaction affects at least two accounts

17. Double entry system The system under which the double effect of every transaction is recorded is called double entry system.

18. Procedure of finding debit and credit 1. First we have to analyze the event whether this is a simple event or economic event (transaction). 2. By the analysis of transaction find out the two or more accounts which are involved in that transaction. 3. The account so found are classified in to assets, liabilities, capital, Revenue expense. 4. Increase and decrease in account(s) are determine. 5. Finally rule of Debit & Credit is applied.

19. TransactionAccounts Involved Classes of Account Increase/ Decrease DebitCredit Ahmed started a business with cash 50000 $ Cash Capital Assets Owner Equity Increase 50000 Purchased Machinery on cash 10000$ Machinery Cash Assets Increase Decrease 10000 Purchased goods on cash 5000$ Purchases Cash Expenses Assets Increase Decrease 5000 Sold goods on cash for 3000$ Cash Sales Assets Revenue Increase 3000 Paid wages 500$ Wages Cash Expenses Assets Increase Decrease 500 Purchased furniture on credit from Ali 2000$ Furniture Ali(O/ Sider) Assets Liabilities Increase 2000