1. Vocabulary Matriarchy: Book: A system of society or government ruled by a woman or women. Descent is traced through the female line. Patriarchy: Book: A system of society or government in which men hold the power. Descent is traced through the male line

2. Settlement of North America The first traces of humans living in North America date back to 15000-30000 years ago The earliest traces in Quebec date to 12000 years ago

3. Asian Migration Theory (P.11-12) Most researchers believe that humans migrated from Siberia (Asia) over the land bridge of the Bering Strait into North America at the end of the last ice age (15000 years ago) As the glaciers melted, it opened a corridor for humans to move south. Evidence for this theory, in the form of spear points and large animals bones, was found at a site called Clovis dating back to 13000 years ago

4. Alternative Theories (p12) In South America, their have been discoveries of human activity that date back more than 30000 years. The glaciers would make a land migration impossible at this time, so some researchers have suggested that humans arrived in North America by boat following the western coastline or island hopping across the South Pacific.

5. Settlement of Quebec. The settlement of Quebec by humans over a period of 12000 years was related to the changes in the land. When the glaciers first started to melt, the climate was very harsh, which meant most tribes were nomadic. Once the glaciers had receded and sea levels had dropped, the climate became more moderate and their were less migrations of people. Population begins to grow.

6. Settlement of Quebec The innovations of the bow and arrow, pottery, and agriculture (farming) meant greater prosperity for Aboriginals and increased population. They start to form more complex organized communities. 1000 years ago, the Thule, ancestors of the Inuit, arrive in Arctic Quebec from Siberia. Expert hunters.

7. Aboriginal Population around 1500 CE There were three linguistic groups at this time Iroquian Algonquian Inuktitut Within these three nations there are smaller tribes who share the same language and cultural practices.

8. Activity Read pages 17-19 and answer the following questions about each of three Aboriginal linguistic groups found in Quebec. Are they nomadic or sedentary? What kind of houses do they have? Where are they situated? Are they a Matriarchy or Patriarchy? Describe their social order? Describe their political order. How do they govern themselves? Who makes the important decisions? Are positions of power permanent?

9. Vocabulary Nomadic Society: A society whose main activity is hunting wild animals. They only build temporary shelters so that they can follow animal migrations. Sedentary Society: A society whose main activity is agriculture. They build permanent communities and remain in one specific area.

10. Aboriginal Peoples living together The different nations kept in touch with each other through commercial trading Their other contact was armed conflict In the North the Inuit and Algonquians only rarely came into conflict over hunting territory The Iroqouis came into conflict with Algonquians when they tried hunting outside their territory.

11. Arrival of First Europeans Scandanavians - Create a small settlement at L’Anse aux Meadows in Newfoundland around 1000 CE. Chased off by Aboriginals. By the 15th century, explorers looking for a route to Asia had explored much of the eastern coast of North America. Europeans began to fish off the coast of Newfoundland.

12. Voyages of Cartier and Roberval 16th century, France want to build a colonial empire In 1534 and 1535, the king sends Jacques Cartier to NA to find precious metals and a route to Asia. Cartier didn’t find either, but he was able to map the St. Lawrence and find land suitable for agriculture.

13. Voyages of Cartier and Roberval (cont) In 1540, the King sends Cartier back with colonists to try and start a French colony. The king names Roberval to be in charge of the colony. Cartier gets to Stadacona (Quebec City) before Roberval and finds what he think are gold and diamonds. Instead of building the colony, he leaves to show the King his findings.

14. Voyages of Cartier and Roberval (cont) Roberval stays and builds a small colony with 200 people near Stadacona. The colony does not survive the harsh winter, food shortages, and scurvy. Roberval leaves in 1543. Cartier returned to France only to find out that his treasure was only iron pyrite and quartz.