1. Group Members

2.  Morgan’s Classification Morgan divided all societies into 3 groups 1) Savage 2) Barbarian 3) Civilized Argued that human societies progressed from savagery through barbarism to civilization

3.  Comte’s Classification ◦ French philosopher Auguste Comte believed that “all societies passed through distinct stages of belief or ideology, evolving from the lower to the higher stages.”  3 Types of Societies (i) Military Society (ii) Legal Society (iii) Industrial Society

4.  Spencer’s Classification Herbert Spencer also classified societies into 2 categories: (i) Militant Societies (ii) Industrial Societies

5.  Hunting & Gathering Societies  Pastoral Societies  Agrarian Societies  Industrial Societies  Post-Industrial Societies

6.  Oldest and the simplest type of society  Hunting/gathering society relies heavily on hunting wild animals and gathering food for its survival Example: (i) San people of Kalahari desert in Southern Africa (ii) Bushmen of Southwestern Africa

7. 1) Small in Size ◦ Consist of small, scattered groups ◦ Environment in which they live cannot support a large number of people.  Numbers typically do not exceed 40-50 members 2) Nomadic In Nature ◦ Constantly on the move ◦ Leave an area as soon once they exhaust its resources

8. 3) Not Desire To Acquire Wealth ◦ For two reasons  There is no wealth  Basic norm is sharing 4) Family And Kinship Only Defined Institutions ◦ The only 2 interconnected social institutions ◦ Family is everything to them ◦ Kinship was the basis of these groups

9.  No Political Institution ◦ Statuses are essentially equal ◦ No difference between the leader and followers ◦ Most decisions are made through group discussion ◦ Warfare is unknown to these people  Limited Or No Division Of Labor ◦ Gender-based division of labor but no gender inequality

10.  Constant Need To Face Danger ◦ Constantly face the danger of extinction ◦ Family’s fate depends on ability to catch dinner, build house and defend family  Simple Religious Belief ◦ Not sophisticated or well-developed  Unseen spirits that must be taken into account but not necessarily worshipped

11. Pastoral society refers to any form of society whose main subsistence comes from tending flocks and herds of domesticated animals Subsistence needs are often met by a combination of herding with hunting and gathering and other forms of agriculture

12.  Relatively Larger In Size ◦ larger than hunter-gatherer societies  Pastoralism As A Better Productive Strategy ◦ Better lifestyle and more efficient because of the consistent and known food sources

13.  Beginning Of Inequality ◦ Some individuals have better access to surplus, become more powerful than others  Nomadism Coupled With Trading ◦ Nomadic due to seasonal need for sufficient grazing areas ◦ Nomadic way of life often brings pastoralists into contact with their groups  Thus, they develop trading

14.  Pastoralism And Development Of Religious Belief ◦ Pastoral people develop their own religious beliefs ◦ Commonly believe in a God or Gods who take an active interest in human affairs and look after the people who worship them  Examples: Judaism, Christianity and Islam

15.  Herding Technology Leads To Several Changes ◦ Place a higher value on temporary territories than do the hunter-gatherer societies  Disputes over grazing rights sometimes result in warfare ◦ Slavery make its appearance  captives in war are put to work ◦ Ideas about private property and inheritance of wealth emerge ◦ Patriarchal forms of social organization tend to become popular ◦ In general:  Larger population  Political and economic institutions appear  Social structure and culture become more complex

16. An agricultural society focuses on mode of production primarily on farming and production of large fields of crops Based on the invention of the plough around 3000 B.C., the Agrarian revolution marked its beginning ◦ Use of plough increases the productivity of the land.  Characteristics Of Agricultural Societies ◦ Cultivation Of Land Through Plough  Increased productivity  Increased production and ability to renew the soil

17.  Irrigation Techniques + the plough increased production and ability to renew the soil  Size is much greater than horticultural and pastoral communities  Appearance of cities: ◦ Those that didn’t farm tended to concentrate in compact places, near the crops, which ultimately led to cities

18.  Emergence of Political Institutions ◦ Established more elaborate social institutions ◦ Court system emerges  Evolution of Distinct Social Classes ◦ Produce greater wealth - unequally shared ◦ 1 st time there are distinct social classes  Those who own the land  Those who work on the lands

19.  Clearly Defined Economic Institution ◦ Trade becomes more elaborate and money is used as a medium of exchange ◦ Provide an incentive for the enrichment of systematic writing  Religion Becomes a Separate Institution ◦ As societies become more complex, religion requires full-time officials such as priests  Warfare and Empire Building ◦ Constantly fight amongst themselves ◦ Also engage themselves in empire building

20.  Enrichment of Culture ◦ More food is produced than required for subsistence ◦ Able to support people whose sole purpose is to provide creative ideas to the culture  Poets, writers and artists  Revolutionary Transition in Social Structure ◦ More statuses ◦ Population increases ◦ Cities appear ◦ Social classes arise ◦ Political/Economic inequality built into social structure ◦ Culture more diversified.

21.  Began in England about 250 years ago Industry - refers to a group of companies that are related in terms of their primary business activities Industrial society - system in which large number of labor and machinery is involved in production of goods and services

22.  Characteristics Of Industrial Societies ◦ Associated With Industrial Revolution ◦ Industrial revolution transformed Europe and United States by replacing essentially agriculturally based societies with industrial societies based on the use of machines and non-animal resources to be harnessed ◦ Industrialism is based on the application of scientific knowledge to the technology of production, enabling new energy sources to be harnessed.

23.  Technology Initiating Vast And Rapid Social Changes ◦ Steam engine ◦ Atomic energy tend to bring about social changes as the economic and other institutions constantly adjust to altered conditions  Larger Societies With Huge Populations ◦ Further stimulates population growth ◦ Increasing members living in cities and metropolitan areas

24.  Large Scale Division Of Labor ◦ Creates thousands of new specialized jobs ◦ Politicians, teachers, doctors, etc.  Losing Importance Of Family And Kinship ◦ Family loses main responsibility of educating ◦ Kinship ties are weakened

25.  Religion Loses Hold ◦ Religion plays less of a role in controlling behavior ◦ Not as god-centered outlook on the world as much as man-centered world  Increasing Importance Of Science And Education ◦ Science is looked at as means of socio-economic progress ◦ Education evolves into independent and distinct institution

26.  Increasing Important Role Of The State ◦ State is increasingly involved in the economic, educational, military and other activities  Widening Gap Between The Rich And The Poor ◦ According to Karl Marx  Rich class are Exploiting class  Poor class as Exploited class  Widening gap between the rich and the poor

27.  Spread Of Heterogeneous Culture ◦ New lifestyles and values create a much more heterogeneous culture  Regional cultures and more divisions of unique, distinct cultures

28.  Postindustrial societies are societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods  Advanced industrial societies are now seeing a shift toward an increase in service sectors over manufacturing and production