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Published byMarjory Richard Modified over 9 years ago
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1 DMITRI MENDELEEV ORGANIZED KNOWN ELEMENTS INTO A TABLE POSITIONED ELEMENTS SO ELEMENTS WITH SIMILAR PROPERTIES IN COLUMNS RECOGNIZED THAT PROPERTIES REPEATED PERIODICALLY IN A PATTERN
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2 MENDELEEV’S PT
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3 MENDELEEV’S PREDICTIONS PREDICTED PROPERTIES OF YET UNDISCOVERED ELEMENTS PREDICTIONS BASED ON TRENDS IN COLUMNS AND ROWS PREDICTIONS WERE VERY ACCURATE
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4 PREDICTED PROPERTIES
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5 MODERN PREDICTIONS
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6 MODERN PERIODIC TABLE MODERN PERIODIC TABLE IS ARRANGED BASED ON ATOMIC NUMBER
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7 LONG FORM PT
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8 TYPES OF ELEMENTS
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9 GROUP NAMES
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10 METAL LOSES ELECTRONS WHEN REACTING TYPICALLY HAS 1-3 VALENCE ELECTRONS FOUND LEFT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
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11 NONMETAL GAINS ELECTRONS WHEN REACTING TYPICALLY HAS 5-7 VALENCE ELECTRONS FOUND RIGHT OF THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
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12 METALLOID CAN GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS WHEN REACTING A SUBSTANCE HAVING 3-5 VALENCE ELECTRONS FOUND ALONG THE STAIR STEPS ON THE PERIODIC TABLE
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13 NOBLE GASES DO NOT GAIN OR LOSE ELECTRONS – SO THEY DO NOT REACT HAVE FULL VALENCE SHELL (2 FOR He AND 8 FOR OTHERS) FOUND IN RIGHTMOST COLUMN OF PERIODIC TABLE
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14 FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS ALL HAVE THE SAME NUMBER OF VALENCE ELECTRONS SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES TRENDS OF DENSITY, MP, BP TREND OF INCREASING OR DECREASING REACTIVITY
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15 PERIODIC LAW PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS TEND TO REPEAT IN A PATTERN WHEN THE ELEMENTS ARE ARRANGED IN ORDER OF INCREASING ATOMIC NUMBER
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16 ATOMIC SIZE PATTERNS GET SMALLER GOING FROM LEFT TO RIGHT ACROSS A PERIOD –ADDING PROTONS PULLS ENERGY LEVELS CLOSER –ELECTRONS ADDED TO VALENCE SHELL GET LARGER GOING FROM TOP TO BOTTOM IN A GROUP –NEED MORE ENERGY LEVELS TO FIT ALL ELECTRONS
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17 ION SIZES CATIONS ARE SMALLER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMS –LOST VALENCE SHELL, SO FEWER ENERGY LEVELS ANIONS ARE LARGER THAN NEUTRAL ATOMS –ADDED ELECTRONS REPELL TO MAKE VALENCE SHELL LARGER
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18 UNITS FOR ATOM SIZE ANGSTROMS ( Å ) = 1 x 10 -10 m PICOMETERS (pm) = 1 x 10 -12 m
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19 ATOMS AND CATIONS
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20 ATOMS AND ANIONS
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21 ATOMIC SIZE (in pm)
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22 IONIZATION ENERGY ENERGY INPUT NEEDED TO REMOVE THE OUTERMOST VALENCE ELECTRON FROM AN ATOM INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT DECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
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23 ELECTRON AFFINITY ENERGY RELEASED WHEN AN ELECTRON IS ADDED TO AN ATOM INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT DECREASES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM
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24 IE & AFFINITY TRENDS
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25 REACTIVITY TRENDS METALS BECOME MORE REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUP NONMETALS BECOME LESS REACTIVE DOWN THE GROUP
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26 ALKALI METAL PROPERTIES LOW DENSITY LOW MELTING POINTS GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY SILVER IN COLOR SOFT +1 CATION
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27 ALKALI METALS REACTIONS REACT EASILY WITH OXYGEN TO FORM OXIDES REACT EXOTHERMICALLY WITH WATER TO FORM STRONG BASES (METAL HYDROXIDES) AND H 2 GAS MUST BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O 2 COMBINE WITH HALOGENS TO FORM SALTS
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28 HYDROGEN NOT AN ALKALI METAL IN SAME FAMILY DUE TO HAVING 1 VALENCE ELECTRON REACTS WITH HALOGENS BY SHARING ELECTRONS REACTS WITH ALKALI METALS BY FORMING A -1 ANION CALLED HYDRIDE
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29 ALKALINE EARTH METAL PROPERTIES SIMILAR TO ALKALI METALS DO NOT NEED TO BE STORED IN OIL TO PREVENT REACTION WITH O 2 (FORM HARD OUTER LAYER THAT PREVENTS FURTHER REACTION) HARDER THAN ALKALI METALS +2 CATION
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30 ALUMINUM FAMILY METALS AND METALLOIDS +3 CATION ALUMINUM IS MOST ABUNDANT METAL IN EARTH’S CRUST, FOUND AS OXIDE COMPOUND
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31 CARBON FAMILY VARIETY OF PROPERTIES CARBON IS ONLY NONMETAL SILICON AND GERMANIUM ARE METALLOIDS TIN AND LEAD ARE MULTI-VALENCE METALS
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32 ALLOTROPES DIFFERENT FORMS OF AN ELEMENT CARBON: GRAPHITE, DIAMOND, FULLERENES OXYGEN: O 2 AND O 3 PHOSPHORUS: RED AND WHITE
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33 NITROGEN FAMILY N AND P ARE NONMETALS As AND Sb ARE METALLOIDS Bi IS METAL NITROGEN IS ESSENTIAL IN LIVING THINGS, PART OF DNA WHITE PHOSPHORUS BURSTS INTO FLAME IN OXYGEN
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34 OXYGEN FAMILY MOST ARE NONMETALS (Po IS METALLOID) -2 ANION OXYGEN IS MOST ABUNDANT ELEMENT ON EARTH & 2ND MOST REACTIVE ELEMENT SULFUR KNOWN FOR BAD SMELLING COMPOUNDS & HAS MANY ALLOTROPES Se IS POOR CONDUCTOR IN DARK BUT GOOD IN LIGHT (LIGHT SENSITIVE)
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35 HALOGENS NONMETALS -1 ANION BUT ALSO SHARE ELECTRONS DIATOMIC NOT FOUND IN ELEMENTAL FORM SINCE THEY ARE SO REACTIVE FORM SALTS WITH GROUP IA AND IIA TOXIC, USED TO KILL AND DISINFECT F IMPORTANT TO PREVENT TOOTH DECAY I IMPORTANT TO THYROID HEALTH
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36 NOBEL GASES FULL VALENCE SHELL UNREACTIVE (INERT) GASES
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37 TRANSITION METALS SOLIDS AT ROOM TEMP, EXCEPT Hg MOST ARE DUCTILE (PULLED INTO WIRE) MOST ARE MALLEABLE (CAN BE RE- SHAPED)
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