1. www.soran.edu.iq Inorganic chemistry Assistance Lecturer Amjad Ahmed Jumaa  Types of hybridization.  sp hybridization.  sp2 hybridization. 1

2. www.soran.edu.iq Types of hybridization: Hybridization holds a significant important in determining the shape and geometry of the molecules formed from such orbitals. Depending upon the number and nature of the orbital undergoing by hybridization, we have various types of hybrid orbitals. For instance, s, p, and d orbitals of simple atoms may hybridize in the following manner: Types of hybridization: Hybridization holds a significant important in determining the shape and geometry of the molecules formed from such orbitals. Depending upon the number and nature of the orbital undergoing by hybridization, we have various types of hybrid orbitals. For instance, s, p, and d orbitals of simple atoms may hybridize in the following manner:

3. www.soran.edu.iq sp hybridization: 1-Mixing of an s and a p orbital only leads to two hybrid orbitals known as sp hybrid orbital 2-The process is called sp hybridization. Each sp orbital has 50% s-character and 50% p-character. 3-The new orbitals arrange themselves along a line and are therefore often referred to as linear hybrid orbitals. This gives an angle of 180º between the axes of the two orbitals. 4-Sp orbital has two lobes (a character of p orbital), the bigger lobe that involves itself in the process of an overlap with other atoms to form bonds. sp hybridization: 1-Mixing of an s and a p orbital only leads to two hybrid orbitals known as sp hybrid orbital 2-The process is called sp hybridization. Each sp orbital has 50% s-character and 50% p-character. 3-The new orbitals arrange themselves along a line and are therefore often referred to as linear hybrid orbitals. This gives an angle of 180º between the axes of the two orbitals. 4-Sp orbital has two lobes (a character of p orbital), the bigger lobe that involves itself in the process of an overlap with other atoms to form bonds.

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5. sp2 hybridization: 1-When an s and two p orbitals mix up to hybridizethere result three new orbitals called sp 2 hybrid orbitals(spoken as' sp two' ) 2- each sp 2 hybrid orbital has 33% s-character and 67% p- character. 3-they have to lie farthest apart in a plane which can happen if they are directed at an angles 120º, to one another, 4-sp 2 hybrid orbitals are called trigonal hybrids, the process being referred to as trigonal hybridization. sp2 hybridization: 1-When an s and two p orbitals mix up to hybridizethere result three new orbitals called sp 2 hybrid orbitals(spoken as' sp two' ) 2- each sp 2 hybrid orbital has 33% s-character and 67% p- character. 3-they have to lie farthest apart in a plane which can happen if they are directed at an angles 120º, to one another, 4-sp 2 hybrid orbitals are called trigonal hybrids, the process being referred to as trigonal hybridization.

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