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Published byJanice Fowler Modified over 9 years ago
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Copyright Sautter 2003
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SPACITAL ORIENTATION OF ORBITALS IS DESIGNATED BY SUBSCRIPTS FOR THE p, d ORBITALS AND f ORBITALS. S ORBITALS REQUIRE NO DESIGNATION SINCE THERE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE S ORBITAL. p ORBITALS OCCUR IN THREES, d ORBITALS IN FIVES AND f ORBITALS IN SEVENS. THEREFORE IN THE CASES OF p, d AND f ORBITALS EACH ONE REQUIRES SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE ONE ORBITAL OF THE SAME TYPE FROM ANOTHER.
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S ORBITAL SHAPE 1S
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P ORBITAL SHAPES PXPX PYPY PZPZ
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D ORBITAL SHAPES dz 2 dyzdxz dx 2 -y 2
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TYPES OF HYBRID ORBITALS & BONDS S ORBITAL OVERLAP SP BONDING SP 2 BONDING SP 3 BONDING LONE PAIR ELECTRONS MULTIPLE BONDS (DOUBLE & TRIPLE) SIGMA BONDS PI BONDS
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WHEN TWO HYDROGEN ATOM COMBINE TO FORM H 2 THE 1S ATOMIC ORBITALS OVERLAP EACHOTHER. THIS OVERLAP OF ATOMIC ORBITALS GIVES A NEW COMMON ORBITAL SPACE WHERE A PAIR OF BONDING ELECTRONS CAN RESIDE. THE GREATER THE OVERLAP THE STRONGER THE BOND BETWEEN THE ATOMS AND THE ATOMS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER. A SHORTER BOND LENGTH AND GREATER BOND ENERGY RESULTS.
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1S ORBITAL OVERLAP IN H 2 1S H H
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SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN CH 4
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SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN H 2 O LONE ELECTRONS PAIRS
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END TO END OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS YIELDS SIGMA BONDS. ( = SIGMA BONDING)
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SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 6 SIGMA BOND
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SIDEWAYS OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS IN THE FORMATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS YIELDS PI BONDS. THE PRIMARY BOND IN A MULTIPLE BOND IS A SIGMA BOND AND THE SECONDARY BONDING IS PI BONDING. ( = PI BONDING)
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SP 2 HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 4 PI BOND SIGMA BOND
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SP HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 2 PI BOND SIGMA BOND PI BOND
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