1. Urban Landscapes

2. The Urban Landscape Why the change?
The Canadian urban landscape has changed dramatically since Confederation.
In 1867, 18% of Canadians lived in Cities.
Today, approximately 85% of Canadians live in cities.
Why the change?
1) Farming and Forestry became mechanized
2) Unemployed people moved to cities for work
3) Urban areas became centers of manufacturing
4) Due to higher populations, service industries arose in cities. (e.g. travel agencies, marketing firms)

3. Five Important Terms
1) Hinterland: areas in the countryside that trade products for goods and services produced in the city. (area that surrounds the city)
2) Basic Industries: industries that bring money into a community.
(e.g. forestry, tourism)
3) Non-basic Industries: industries that set-up around basic industries. Meant to serve the needs of those who work in basic industries. (e.g. restaurants, malls, grocery stores)
4) Economic Base: the combination of a communities' basic industries.
5) Multiplier Effect: the loss or gain of three non-basic jobs as a result of the loss or gain of one basic industry job.
e.g. local auto manufacturing plant closes jobs are lost in the basic industry of auto manufacturing jobs are lost in local non-basic industries, for a total job loss of 1200.

4. Urban and Rural Interactions
There has been significant movement of people in Canada between urban and rural areas over time. In most cases, people in rural areas live in a hamlet, village, or town. People in urban areas live in a suburb, city, or metropolis. These different types of places to live are known as the urban hierarchy (each one is a larger settlement going up the line than the one before it).

5. hamlet village town suburb city metropolis
Urban Hierarchy
hamlet village town suburb city metropolis

6. Urban Hierarchy
German geographer Walter Christaller created the central place theory, based on the number of people needed to keep a store in business.
The minimum number of customers is known as a threshold population.
There are three orders of “goods (products)”:
Type
Description
High-Order
Available only in cities: children’s hospital, professional sports team, national news agency
Middle-Order
Available in larger towns and smaller cities: clothing store, doctor’s office
Low-Order
Available even in very small towns: post office, restaurant

8. Urban Hierarchy Does Christaller’s theory work in the “real world”?
Let’s take a look at a map of southcentral Ontario and see if we can apply his theory to the settlements that exist here. (p.66 in Atlas)
Draw lines on the base map according to this legend:

9. Lake Huron
Lake Ontario
Lake Erie

10. Lake Huron
Mississauga
Kitchener-Waterloo
Oakville
Burlington
Cambridge
Lake Ontario
Hamilton
London
Lake Erie

11. Urbanization
Urbanization is the movement of people UP the urban hierarchy. This has been the main migration pattern of Canadians since the creation of our country.
The chart below illustrates the overall percentage of Canada’s population living in rural and urban areas.
Year
% Urban
% Rural
1853 15 85
1908 50
2001

12. Types of Urban Places p.239-244 in Text
i) Outline each type of urban place
ii) For each type, provide an example