1. CCGrid 2014 Improving I/O Throughput of Scientific Applications using Transparent Parallel Compression Tekin Bicer, Jian Yin and Gagan Agrawal Ohio State University Pacific Northwest National Laboratory 1 ‡ ‡

2. CCGrid 2014 Introduction Increasing parallelism in HPC systems –Large-scale scientific simulations and instruments –Scalable computational throughput –Limited I/O performance Example: –PRACE-UPSCALE: 2 TB per day; expectation:10-100PB per day Higher precision. i.e. more computation and data “Big Compute” Opportunities → “Big Data” Problems –Large volume of output data –Data read and analysis –Storage, management, and transfer of data Compression 2

3. CCGrid 2014 Introduction (cont.) Community focus –Storing, managing and moving scientific dataset Compression can further help –Decreased amount of data Increased I/O throughput Better data transfer –Increased simulation and data analysis performance But… –Can it really benefit the application execution? Tradeoff between CPU utilization and I/O idle time –What about integration with scientific applications? Effort required by scientists to adapt their application 3

4. CCGrid 2014 Scientific Data Management Libs. Widely used by the community –PnetCDF (NetCDF), HDF5… NetCDF Format –Portable, self-describing, space-efficient High Performance Parallel I/O –MPI-IO Optimizations: Collective and Independent calls Hints about file system No Support for Compression 4

5. CCGrid 2014 Parallel and Transparent Compression for PnetCDF Parallel write operations –Size of data types and variables –Data item locations Parallel write operations with compression –Variable-size chunks –No priori knowledge about the locations –Many processes write at once 5

6. CCGrid 2014 Parallel and Transparent Compression for PnetCDF Desired features while enabling compression: Parallel Compression and Write –Sparse and Dense Storage Transparency –Minimum effort from application developer –Integration with PnetCDF Performance –Different variable may require different compression –Domain specific compression algorithm 6

7. CCGrid 2014 Outline Introduction Scientific Data Management Libraries PnetCDF Compression Approaches A Compression Methodology System Design Experimental Result Conclusion 7

8. CCGrid 2014 Compression: Sparse Storage Chunks/splits are created Compression layer applies user provided algs. Compressed splits are written w/ orig. offset addr. Still can benefit I/O –Only compressed data No benefit for storage space 8

9. CCGrid 2014 Compression: Dense Storage Generated compressed splits are appended locally Net offset addresses are calculated –Requires metadata exchange All compressed data blocks written using collective call Generated file is smaller –Advantages: I/O + storage space 9

10. CCGrid 2014 Compression: Hybrid Method Developer provides: –Compression ratio –Error ratio Does not require metadata exchange Error padding can be used for overflowed data Generated file is smaller Relies on user inputs 10 Off’ = Off x (1/(comp_ratio-err_ratio)

11. CCGrid 2014 System API Complexity of scientific data management libs. Trivial changes in scientific applications Requirement of a system API: –Defining compression function comp_f (input, in_size, output, out_size, args) –Defining decompression function decomp_f (input, in_size, output, out_size, args) –Registering user defined functions ncmpi_comp_reg (*comp_f, *decomp_f, args, …) 11

12. CCGrid 2014 Compression Methodology Common properties of scientific datasets –Consist of floating point numbers –Relationship between neighboring values Generic compression cannot perform well Domain specific solutions can help Approach: –Differential compression Predict the values of neighboring cells Store the difference 12

13. CCGrid 2014 Example: GCRM Temperature Variable Compression E.g.: Temperature record The values of neighboring cells are highly related X’ table (after prediction): X’’ compressed values –5bits for prediction + difference Lossless and lossy comp. Fast and good compression ratios 13

14. CCGrid 2014 PnetCDF Data Flow 1.Generated data is passed to PnetCDF lib. 2.Variable info. gathered from NetCDF header 3.Splits are compressed 1.User defined comp. alg. 4.Metadata info. exchanged 5.Parallel write ops. 6.Synch. and global view 1.Update NetCDF header 14

15. CCGrid 2014 Outline Introduction Scientific Data Management Libraries PnetCDF Compression Approaches A Compression Methodology System Design Experimental Result Conclusion 15

16. CCGrid 2014 Experimental Setup Local cluster: –Each node has 8 cores (Intel Xeon E5630, 2.53Ghz) –Memory: 12GB Infiniband network –Lustre file system: 8 OSTs, 4 storage nodes –1 Metadata Sert Microbenchmarks: 34 GB Two data analysis applications: 136 GB dataset –AT, MATT Scientific simulation application: 49 GB dataset –Mantevo Project: MiniMD 16

17. CCGrid 2014 Exp: (Write) Microbenchmarks 17

18. CCGrid 2014 Exp: (Read) Microbenchmarks 18

19. CCGrid 2014 Exp: Simulation (MiniMD) 19 Application Execution Times Application Write Times

20. CCGrid 2014 Exp: Scientific Analysis (AT) 20

21. CCGrid 2014 Conclusion Scientific data analysis and simulation app. –Deal with massive amount of data Management of “Big Data” –I/O throughput affects performance –Need for transparent compression –Minimum effort during integration Proposed two compression methods Implemented a compression layer in PnetCDF –Ported our proposed methods –Scientific data compression alg. Evaluated our system –MiniMD: 22% performance, 25.5% storage space –AT, MATT: 45.3% performance, 47.8% storage space 21

22. CCGrid 2014 Thanks 22

23. CCGrid 2014 PnetCDF: Example Header 23

24. CCGrid 2014 Exp: Microbenchmarks Dataset size: 34GB –Timestep: 270MB Comp.: 17.7GB –Timestep: 142MB Chunk size: 32MB # Processes: 64 Strip count: 8 24 Comparing Write Times with Varying Stripe Sizes

25. CCGrid 2014 Outline Introduction Scientific Data Management Libraries PnetCDF Compression Approaches A Compression Methodology System Design Experimental Result Conclusion 25