1. Poli Sci Clothing Order ‘08 We are doing our clothing order this year on slightly short notice. Hopefully that’s cool! Jackets, Fleeces, and Hoodies again Forms are in the Poli Sci office, and we will be taking them in with the deposits in the Poli Sci society room (UC 6015) on 3 different dates: Thursday Feb. 21: 11-2 Monday Feb. 25: 11-2 Tuesday Feb. 26: 11-2

2. Doing Democracy Differently The Netherlands and Belgium

3. What’s different? Said to be consociational democracies characterized by: –power-sharing among significant groups or subcultures –a politics of accommodation different from majoritarian forms of democracy

4. Consociational democracy According to Arend Lijphart, a form of liberal democracy in plural or divided societies, characterized by Elite Accommodation Power-sharing: government by grand or extra large coalitions Proportional allocation Subcultures (or pillars) accorded mutual vetoes over matters

5. Consensus vs. adversarial democracy Consensus democracy (also Lijphart) Decisions by (seeking) consensus rather than imposition of majority will Society not necessarily segmented But more likely in federal & plural societies e.g. Germany, NL, Belgium, Austria Other examples: –Scandinavia, because of involvement of ‘social partners’ in policy processes

6. Adversarial democracy Characterized by the interplay between government and opposition Dominant decision-mode: majority rule Examples?

7. Netherlands and Belgium Multiple divisions: –Religion & class –Language in Belgium Formation of subcultures or pillars – extended networks of religious or ideologically based organizations – made imposition of majority will problematic Both end up with a politics of accommodation But plays out differently in each country

8. Netherlands Late 19 th, early 20 th c mobilization results in –Calvinist, Catholic, Socialist, and general pillars –A segmented or pillarized society Liphart’s claim: Netherlands held together only by the efforts of subcultural elites who –Understand the consequences of conflict –Are willing and able to conclude compromises to avoid it –Accommodation facilitated by segmentation

9. Problems Which came first: pillarization or the politics of accommodation? Was the Netherlands necessarily going to fly apart if compromises were not struck? Why does accommodation occur in some societies and not in others?

10. Pillarization today far less important today than in the past Institutional vestiges remain –Parties & party system –institutions Consensus democracy with extensive recourse to expert opinion –Policy processes described as viscous But still difficult to form governments

11. Belgium Religious and class divisions shape party system Pillars remain important Linguistic divisions now most salient Clientelistic politics Accommodation anything but complete –Frequent conflicts –Open disintegrative tendencies