1. ENZYME INHIBITION

2. Inhibitors  Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzymic reactions  The are usually specific and they work at low concentrations  They block the enzyme but they do not usually destroy it  Many drugs and poisons are inhibitors of enzymes in the nervous system

3. The effect of enzyme inhibition  Irreversible inhibitors: Combine with the functional groups of the amino acids in the active site, irreversibly Examples: nerve gases and pesticides, containing organophosphorus, combine with serine residues in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase

4. The effect of enzyme inhibition  Reversible inhibitors: These can be washed out of the solution of enzyme by dialysis. There are two categories

5. The effect of enzyme inhibition 1.Competitive: These compete with the substrate molecules for the active site The inhibitor’s action is proportional to its concentration Resembles the substrate’s structure closely Enzyme inhibitor complex Reversible reaction E + I EI

6. The effect of enzyme inhibition Succinate Fumarate + 2H + + 2e - Succinate dehydrogenase CH 2 COOH CHCOOH COOH CH 2 Malonate

7. The effect of enzyme inhibition 2.Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site Examples  Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase  Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be removed by using a chelating agent such as EDTA

8. Applications of inhibitors  Negative feedback: end point or end product inhibition  Poisons snake bite, plant alkaloids and nerve gases  Medicine antibiotics, sulphonamides, sedatives and stimulants

9. Cell processes (e.g. respiration or photosynthesis) consist of series of pathways controlled by enzymes ABCDEFABCDEF Enzyme pathways eFeF eDeD eCeC eAeA eBeB Each step is controlled by a different enzyme (e A, e B, e C etc) This is possible because of enzyme specificity

10. End point inhibition  The first step (controlled by e A ) is often controlled by the end product (F)  Therefore negative feedback is possible ABCDEFABCDEF  The end products are controlling their own rate of production  There is no build up of intermediates (B, C, D and E) eFeF eDeD eCeC eAeA eBeB Inhibition

11. Example: Phosphofructokinase and ATP Substrate: Fructose-6-phosphate Reaction fructose-6-phosphate + ATP  fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP phosphofructokinase

12. ATP is the end point  This reaction lies near the beginning of the respiration pathway in cells  The end product of respiration is ATP  If there is a lot of ATP in the cell this enzyme is inhibited  Respiration slows down and less ATP is produced  As ATP is used up the inhibition stops and the reaction speeds up again

13. The switch: Allosteric inhibition Allosteric means “other site” E Active site Allosteric site

14. Switching off  These enzymes have two receptor sites  One site fits the substrate like other enzymes  The other site fits an inhibitor molecule Inhibitor fits into allosteric site Substrate cannot fit into the active site Inhibitor molecule

15. The allosteric site the enzyme “on- off” switch E Active site Allosteric site empty Substrate fits into the active site The inhibitor molecule is absent Conformational change Inhibitor fits into allosteric site Substrate cannot fit into the active site Inhibitor molecule is present E

16. A change in shape  When the inhibitor is present it fits into its site and there is a conformational change in the enzyme molecule  The enzyme’s molecular shape changes  The active site of the substrate changes  The substrate cannot bind with the substrate

17. Negative feedback is achieved  The reaction slows down  This is not competitive inhibition but it is reversible  When the inhibitor concentration diminishes the enzyme’s conformation changes back to its active form

18. Phosphofructokinase  This enzyme an active site for fructose-6-phosphate molecules to bind with another phosphate group  It has an allosteric site for ATP molecules, the inhibitor  When the cell consumes a lot of ATP the level of ATP in the cell falls  No ATP binds to the allosteric site of phosphofructokinase  The enzyme’s conformation (shape) changes and the active site accepts substrate molecules

19. Phosphofructokinase  The respiration pathway accelerates and ATP (the final product) builds up in the cell  As the ATP increases, more and more ATP fits into the allosteric site of the phosphofructokinase molecules  The enzyme’s conformation changes again and stops accepting substrate molecules in the active site  Respiration slows down