1. Ms. Stiles

2. Several medieval religious crises led many people to no longer see the Catholic Church as a viable source for religious piety (reverence for God) Church was considered to be hypocritical More people were looking to simplify religious beliefs/services to be more Christ-like

3. Illegitimate son of a Dutch priest Believed in a simple, ethical piety in the imitation of Christ His writings criticized Pope Julius II Wrote “Julius Excluded from Heaven: A Dialogue, “You’re All Belches and You Stink of Boozing and Hangovers” Work satirizes the Pope & states that he can’t buy his way into heaven

4. Erasmus objected to the sale of indulgences Said Pope Julius was “preying on superstition to raise money” Criticized by the Catholics for calling for reform Criticized by Protestants for not calling for enough reform

5. Criticized contemporary English society In Utopia Depicts an imaginary society based on reason & tolerance that requires everyone to work and has rid itself of all social & political injustice Helped Henry VIII write a response to Martin Luther’s 95 Theses Was a Catholic, but his humanistic work helped pave the way for the Reformation in England “The King’s Servant, but God’s First” Executed by Henry VIII for failure to comply with the Act of Succession

6. Medieval theology  priests could absolve people who repent (aka penitents) but penitents still had an ‘eternal penalty’ Punishment from God for sinning Penitents could try to work this off by praying, fasting, almsgiving & pilgrimages If you didn’t do all of this or didn’t do it well enough, you will suffer in purgatory

7. Pope Clement VI (1343) claimed he found a “treasury of merit” Infinite reserve of good works that could be given out at the Pope’s will Letters of indulgence could help people work off their punishment for sin Originally only given to crusaders for their self- sacrifice Eventually anyone could pay for indulgences

8. Popes soon allowed people to buy indulgences for themselves or dead relatives 1517: Pope Leo X used proceeds from indulgences to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica Called on Johannes (John) Tetzel to sell indulgences in Saxony, Germany According to Martin Luther, Tetzel made it sound like indulgences remitted sins & released the dead from punishment in purgatory Luther claimed this went beyond tradition & made it seem like salvation could be bought & sold

9. People began to get married later in life Men: mid-late 20’s; women- early-mid 20’s Marriages were typically arranged by the bride & groom’s parents Family Size: mother, father 2-4 children Many children died before age 5

10. Children were typically sent from their families into apprenticeships, schools or employment Many believed that the best they could give their children was a shot at learning a trade, which meant being able to take care of themselves