1. ENZYME INHIBITION

2. Inhibitors Inhibitors are chemicals that reduce the rate of enzyme reactions. They are usually specific and work at low concentrations. They block the enzyme but do not usually destroy it. Many drugs and poisons are inhibitors of enzymes in the nervous system.

3. http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/animations/enzyme.swf

4. The effect of enzyme inhibition Irreversible inhibitors: Combine with the functional groups of the amino acids in the active site, irreversibly. Examples: nerve gases and pesticides, containing organophosphorus, combine with serine residues in the enzyme acetylcholine esterase.

5. The effect of enzyme inhibition Reversible inhibitors: These can be washed out of the solution of enzyme by dialysis. There are two categories.

8. The effect of enzyme inhibition 2.Non-competitive: These are not influenced by the concentration of the substrate. It inhibits by binding irreversibly to the enzyme but not at the active site. Examples Cyanide combines with the Iron in the enzymes cytochrome oxidase. Heavy metals, Ag or Hg, combine with –SH groups. These can be removed by using a chelating agent such as EDTA.

9. http://www.stolaf.edu/people/giannini/flashanimat/enzymes/allosteric.swf

11. Applications of inhibitors Negative feedback: end point or end product inhibition Poisons snake bite, plant alkaloids and nerve gases. Medicine antibiotics, sulphonamides, sedatives and stimulants

12. End point inhibition The first step (controlled by e A ) is often controlled by the end product (F) Therefore negative feedback is possible ABCDEFABCDEF The end products are controlling their own rate of production There is no build up of intermediates (B, C, D and E) http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/anima tions/enzyme.swfhttp://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/biology1111/anima tions/enzyme.swf eFeF eDeD eCeC eAeA eBeB Inhibition

13. http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapt er8/animations.html#http://highered.mcgraw- hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapt er8/animations.html#

15. Example: Phosphofructokinase and ATP Substrate: Fructose-6-phosphate Reaction fructose-6-phosphate + ATP  fructose-1,6-bisphosphate + ADP phosphofructokinase

16. Phosphofructokinase This enzyme an active site for fructose-6- phosphate molecules to bind with another phosphate group It has an allosteric site for ATP molecules, the inhibitor When the cell consumes a lot of ATP the level of ATP in the cell falls No ATP binds to the allosteric site of phosphofructokinase The enzyme’s conformation (shape) changes and the active site accepts substrate molecules

17. Phosphofructokinase The respiration pathway accelerates and ATP (the final product) builds up in the cell As the ATP increases, more and more ATP fits into the allosteric site of the phosphofructokinase molecules The enzyme’s conformation changes again and stops accepting substrate molecules in the active site Respiration slows down

18. ATP is the end point This reaction lies near the beginning of the respiration pathway in cells The end product of respiration is ATP If there is a lot of ATP in the cell this enzyme is inhibited Respiration slows down and less ATP is produced As ATP is used up the inhibition stops and the reaction speeds up again