1. THINK Sociology Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl CHAPTER Second Edition Social Structure And Interaction: Micro and Macro Orientations 4 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program

2. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl What Elements create a Social Structure Macrosociology is the study of large- scale society, focusing on the social structures that exist within a society that endure from one generation to the next Microsociology deals primarily with the small interactions of daily life

3. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl By studying workers in the United States and France, Michéle Lamont illustrates that there is a clear link between the small-scale and large-scale components of a society.

4. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Structure Social structures are patterns of relationships that endure from one generation to the next –They are arrangements of systems – such as marriage, education, and work – by which people in a society interact and are able to live together

5. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Culture Culture is the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors and material objects that are important enough to be passed on to future generations –Culture touches every aspect of our lives and our society

6. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Groups A group is any number of people with similar norms, values, and behaviors who frequently interact with one another –Groups may include athletic clubs, workplaces, and even a family group –Groups affect us differently depending upon who important that group is to us.

7. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Groups Primary groups are small, intimate, enduring groups such as the family and close friends Secondary groups are formal, superficial, temporary groups such as relationships with most class mates

8. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Class Social class is a group with similar access to power, wealth, and prestige –The importance of social class varies within different societies –Your social class can have a profound impact on your life

9. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Effects of Social Class Source: Data from the “Wealthy, Healthy, and Aged 85: The Women Living Even Longer” by Jill Sheerman.

10. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Status Status is the position that you occupy within the social structure which is closely linked to social class Achieved status is a position that you earn or do something to attain Ascribed status is a position in society that you do not attain but you inherit

11. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Status Master status –Is a status toward which we gravitate; master status may be what is most important to us, such as our status as a parent, or what is most important to others such as one’s race or economic standing

12. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Roles A social role is the behavior of a specific status –Role expectations are anticipated behaviors for a particular role –Role performance is the degree to which a person plays the role in a manner we expect

13. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Roles Two more aspects of social roles are –Role conflict is a phenomenon occurring when one is forced to choose between the competing demands of multiple roles –Role strain is what we feel when the demands of a role are difficult for us to satisfy

14. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Stigmas Stigma is a mark of disgrace associated with a particular status, quality, or person –Discredited stigma is a stigma that cannot be hidden from others or is no longer hidden from others –Discreditable stigma is a stigma that can be concealed from others

15. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Stages of Societal Change As societies change over time their complexity also changes –Societies become more diverse –This leads to changes in the social structure –Lenski has taken an evolutionary perspective of how societies change from hunting and gathering societies to postmodern societies

16. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl The Stages of Societal Change

17. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl The Stages of Societal Change

18. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Hunting and Gathering Societies Hunting and gathering societies –Humans lived as hunters and gatherers for approximately 50,000 years –They lived in small groups of approximately 150 individuals –Ones status and role were closely linked –Everyone in the society had to be involved in the production of food

19. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Agricultural Societies Agricultural societies –Approximately 10,000 years ago people began moving from hunting and gathering to pastoral and horticultural societies –Pastoral and horticultural societies emerged when humans learned to domesticate plants and animals –Wealth is connected to land and food production.

20. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Agricultural Societies Agricultural societies –Humans learned to use simple hand tools to till the soil and plant seeds and to raise animals –Around 5,000 years ago with the invention of the plow, agricultural societies arose –Surplus goods grow with diversification of labor. –Population grows slowly.

21. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Industrial Societies Industrial societies –During the 17 th and 18 th centuries, the Western world experienced an industrial revolution –Complex machines such as the steam engine replaced human labor –Greatly expands division of labor.

22. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Industrial Societies Industrial societies –Technology was used to make goods –A surplus developed and improved the standard of living –There was less inequality than in agricultural societies –Populations grow rapidly –Wealth connected to control of manufacturing.

23. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Postindustrial Societies Postindustrial society –Refers to the societal change when people move from an economy based on manufacturing to one based on services and technology –These societies tend to seek manufacturing goods and food from other societies –There are large surpluses of wealth generated from control of information.

24. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Postindustrial Societies According to Bell postindustrial societies have these qualities 1.A shift from manufacturing to services 2.The centrality of the new science based industries 3.The rise of new technical elites

25. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Social Institutions Social institutions are structures that provide for patterned relationships –The roles and statuses are already established –These institutions change with the type of society and culture

26. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Family Families are a cultural universal –They exist in various forms in all societies –Families teach the value of sharing and mutual support –Families provide safety and security needs for their members –They pass on important values and provide for children and the elderly

27. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Educational and Religious Systems Education and religion are also cultural universals –Educational systems transfer knowledge and information of the society to new members – they can be formal or informal

28. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Educational and Religious Systems Education and religion are also cultural universals –Religious systems vary a great deal by culture, but most religions unify people through an organized system of beliefs  Religion provides social control to society by providing a framework for their lives.  It can be used to maintain power differentials, thus maintaining and unequal status quo.

29. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl

30. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Economic Systems Economic systems help people get what they need –Economic systems allow for the consumption, production and transition of goods –Early economic systems involved bartering, more advanced societies however use money as a system of exchange –Governments are always involved in the economic systems

31. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Political and Legal Systems Political systems distribute power in society –Power is the key component of any political system –A critical component is how power is passed from one group to another –Political power is used to create law –The legal system enforces the laws to maintain social order and promote unity

32. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Holding Society Together What holds society together? –Durkheim argued social control and solidarity  Social control are the rules by which we abide  Solidarity is the glue that binds a society –Solidarity arises out of the shared values, needs, and beliefs of society

33. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Mechanical and Organic Solidarity Durkheim divides solidarity in two types –Mechanical solidarity refers to simple societies where all the individuals are interconnected by a simple division of labor –Organic solidarity refers to more complex societies where there are many forms of work and the division of labor is much more complex

34. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Tonnies also classifies society in two types –Gemeinshaft or community connections involving personal relationships based on friendship and kinship ties, such as family –Gesellschaft refers to society connections that are more formal and impersonal

35. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Micro Orientations: Social Interactions Symbolic interactionists study the ‘how’ of society –These sociologists seek to discover how society is held together –Communication is one important component of the ‘how’ of the social world –Communication includes personal space which refers to the invisible bubble that each of us has around us that insulates us from others

36. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Personal Space Our feelings on personal space depend upon the setting and the person with whom we are interacting. Hall suggests people in the U.S. have four zones of personal space

37. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Personal Space 1.Intimate distance – distance reserved for those with whom we are very close 2.Personal distance – distance that ranges from 18 inches to 4 feet, distance for normal conversation

38. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Personal Space 3.Social distance – distance that ranges from 4 feet to 12 feet and is usually for formal settings 4.Public distance refers to zone of interaction that is used in highly formal settings – the distance greater than 12 feet

39. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Zones of Personal Space

40. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Dramaturgy Erving Goffman developed a theory of dramaturgy –Dramaturgy is a theory of interaction in which all life is like acting –He talks of impression management or management of the impression that the performer makes on others

41. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Dramaturgy Erving Goffman developed a theory of dramaturgy –Front stage or what the audience sees, the part of ourselves that we present to others –Backstage or the demeanor that incorporates our true feelings and beliefs

42. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Dramaturgy Other concepts used by Goffman are –Embarrassment or a state that occurs when we realize our act has failed –Face-saving work is the action we undertake when we are embarrassed.  humor, anger, or retreat

43. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Using Impression Management In order to get ahead in the work place Wayne and Liden showed successful impression management included –Demographic similarity – shared characteristics such as race, gender or age –Supervisor-focused management – techniques that involve flattering your boss and agreeing with his or her opinion or avoiding disagreement

44. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Using Impression Management In order to get ahead in the work place Wayne and Liden showed successful impression management included –Self-focused management – techniques that include acting modest about your accomplishments, boasting occasionally about your successes

45. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl An Example of Symbolic Interactionism The Thomas Theorem –The Thomas theorem says that “if men define situations as real, they are real in their consequences” –This statement describes the social construction of reality –The social creation of reality emphasizes personal power; however, it does not deny the importance of social structure

46. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl Symbolic Interactionism: The Thomas Theorem An example from the Thomas Theorem –White workers are more apt to view success as a personal achievement and are less concerned with issues such as equal opportunities or affirmative action. –African Americans also believe in the “American Dream,” but they are more likely to see obstacles that must be overcome in order to get there.

47. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl An Example of Functionalism Functionalists ask how various elements of society fit together. Each has a purpose or what Durkheim called ‘functional prerequisites’

48. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl An Example of Functionalism The five primary tasks of society that create social structures are: 1.Adaption and replacement 2.Orientation and socialization 3.Production and economy 4.Social order 5.Unity and purpose

49. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl An Example of Conflict Theory Conflict theory focus on macro issues, so they study issues such as race, social class, and inequality –Examples that conflict theorists might study include the subordination of the Native Americans in the U.S., racial inequality and class inequality

50. Copyright ©2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. THINK Sociology, Second Edition John D. Carl An Example of Conflict Theory Conflict theory focus on macro issues, so they study issues such as race, social class, and inequality –Whites dominated various Native American cultures, they generally did so out of a desire to control land and gain wealth.