1. The Biology of Mind

2. Biological Psychology ◦ Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior ◦ Some biological psychologists call themselves: ◦ Neurobehavioral neuroscientists ◦ Neuropsychologists ◦ Behavior geneticists ◦ Physiological psychologist ◦ Biopsychologists

3. It all Starts with the Neuron

4. Neuron

5. Neuron Structure Neurons do NOT touch each other- the space in between is call the synapse.

6. How a Neuron Fires It is an electrochemical process Electrical inside the neuron Chemical outside the neuron (in the synapse in the form of a neurotransmitter) The firing is call Action Potential

7. The All or None Response The idea that either the neuron fires or it does not No part-way firing

8. Action Potential

9. How Neurons Communicate

10. Neurotransmitters Chemical messengers released by terminal buttons through the synapse. We should know at least 4 types and what they do

11. Acetylcholine Enables muscle action, learning & maybe memory Lack of ACh has been linked to Alzheimer's Too much means muscle spasms & death Too little can mean paralysis

12. Dopamine Influences learning, meaning & attention Too much is linked to schizophrenia Too little is linked to Parkinson’s

13. Serotonin Affects mood, hunger, sleep & arousal Too little is linked to depression Too much Serotonin Syndrome

14. Endorphins Natural pain killer “Runner’s High” Linked to pain control & pleasure

15. Drugs can be... Agonists: Make neurons fire Antagonists: Stop neural firing Re-uptake inhibitors: Block re- uptake

16. Agonists and Antagonists

17. Types of Neurons Afferent (Sensory) Neurons Efferent (Motor) Neurons Interneurons

18. Sensory Neurons (Afferent Neurons ) Take information from the senses to the brain.

19. Motor Neurons (Efferent Neurons) Take information from brain to the rest of the body.

20. Inter Neurons Take messages from Sensory Neurons to other parts of the brain or to Motor Neurons

21. Divisions of the Nervous System

22. Sympathetic Nervous System Flight or Fight Response Automatically accelerates heart rate, breathing, dilates pupils, slows down digestion

23. Parasympathetic Nervous System Automatically slows the body down after a stressful event. Heart rate and breathing slow down, pupils constrict and digestion speeds up.

24. Peripheral Nervous System All nerves that are not encased in bone. Everything but the brain and spinal cord. Is divided into two categories….somatic and autonomic.

25. Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary muscle movement. Uses motor (efferent) neurons.

26. Autonomic Nervous System Controls the automatic functions of the body. Divided into two categories…the sympathetic and the parasympathetic

28. Reflexes Normally, sensory (afferent) neurons take info up through spine to the brain. Some reactions occur when sensory neurons reach just the spinal cord. Survival adaptation.

29. A Simple Reflex

30. A Simplified Neural Network Neurons that learn to work together as a team.

31. The Endocrine System A system of glands that secrete hormones. Similar to nervous system, except hormones work a lot slower than neurotransmitters.

32. The Major Endocrine Glands