1. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rghts reserved. Chapter 3 Gender: Identity and Roles Preview

2. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rghts reserved. Chapter Preview Preview

3. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions What does the world around me have to do with my masculinity and femininity? What does the world around me have to do with my masculinity and femininity? Why do females act one way and males act another? Why do females act one way and males act another? What assumptions do we make about what is masculine or feminine? What assumptions do we make about what is masculine or feminine? Preview

4. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter Questions What do gender roles have to do with how I feel about my body? What do gender roles have to do with how I feel about my body? How does what we believe about gender affect the role we assume in the family? How does what we believe about gender affect the role we assume in the family? What are alternatives to traditional gender roles? What are alternatives to traditional gender roles? Preview

5. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Guided Learning Process 1 st : Question 1 st : Question 2 nd : Study 2 nd : Study 3 rd : Mark 3 rd : Mark 4 th : Question again 4 th : Question again 5 th : Recite 5 th : Recite 6 th : Check 6 th : Check 7 th : Restudy if necessary 7 th : Restudy if necessary Preview

6. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Text Assignment Preview

7. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What does the world around me have to do with my masculinity and femininity? What does society tell me about being masculine or feminine? What does society tell me about being masculine or feminine? How do my parents affect my masculinity or femininity? How do my parents affect my masculinity or femininity? Preview A 1-2-3

8. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What does the world around me have to do with my masculinity and femininity? How does what I read in magazines and see on TV affect my masculinity or femininity? How does what I read in magazines and see on TV affect my masculinity or femininity? What effect does going to school have on my masculinity or femininity? What effect does going to school have on my masculinity or femininity? Preview A 4-5

9. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How do people teach each other how men and women should act? How do people teach each other how men and women should act? How does how old we are affect how we think about our gender? How does how old we are affect how we think about our gender? How do our mental concepts of gender affect how we act? How do our mental concepts of gender affect how we act? Why do females act one way and males act another? Preview B 1-2-3

10. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Why do females act one way and males act another? How does a society decide how men and women should act? How does a society decide how men and women should act? How much influence do our genes have over how masculine or feminine we act? How much influence do our genes have over how masculine or feminine we act? Preview B 4-5

11. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What assumptions do we make about what is masculine or feminine? What is a ‘real’ man supposed to like? What is a ‘real’ man supposed to like? What is a ‘real’ woman supposed to be like? What is a ‘real’ woman supposed to be like? So what’s the problem? So what’s the problem? Preview C 1-2-3

12. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What do gender roles have to do with how I feel about my body? Preview D

13. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How does what we believe about gender affect the role we assume in the family? How are male and female brains different? How are male and female brains different? What effect does social class and ethnic background have on what we believe about men and women? What effect does social class and ethnic background have on what we believe about men and women? Preview E 1-2

14. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. How does what we believe about gender affect the role we assume in the family? How much housework and child care do men do? How much housework and child care do men do? How are men and women different in the way they deal with depression? How are men and women different in the way they deal with depression? How will my gender role in my family change as time goes on? How will my gender role in my family change as time goes on? Preview E 3-4-5

15. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What are alternatives to traditional gender roles? Preview F

16. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What did I learn in my family about proper behavior for men and women? Preview G

17. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What do different families think is important in life? How did the culture I grew up in affect what I think is important in life? How did the culture I grew up in affect what I think is important in life? How did my family of origin affect what I think is important in life? How did my family of origin affect what I think is important in life? What did I learn in my family about how to work? What did I learn in my family about how to work? Preview H 1-2-3

18. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What are some ways different families communicate about problems? 7 different types of communication 7 different types of communication –What does each of these communication patterns look and sound like? –How well does each of these communication patterns work to resolve problems? Preview I

19. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Special Sections Preview SS

20. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Personal Perspective: Patterns of Communication Why does Alex have such a hard time communicating with his wife? Why does Alex have such a hard time communicating with his wife? Preview PP

21. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cultural Perspectives: African American Family Strengths and Influences What is unique about African American families? What is unique about African American families? Preview CP

22. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. At Issue Today: Values and Marital Satisfaction How does what we think is important in life affect how happy we are in our marriage? How does what we think is important in life affect how happy we are in our marriage? Preview AI

23. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A Question of Policy: Family Environment How can government policies help parents be better parents? How can government policies help parents be better parents? Preview QP

24. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Preview SS END

25. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Important Distinctions Sex – biological, male or female. Sex – biological, male or female. Gender – personality traits and behavior that characterize an individual as masculine or feminine Gender – personality traits and behavior that characterize an individual as masculine or feminine Gender identity – a person’s personal, internal sense of maleness or femaleness, which is expressed in personality and behavior Gender identity – a person’s personal, internal sense of maleness or femaleness, which is expressed in personality and behavior Gender role – a person’s outward expression of maleness or femaleness in a social setting. Gender role – a person’s outward expression of maleness or femaleness in a social setting. Femininity / Masculinity Femininity / Masculinity Transgendered – people who feel their biological sex does not match their gender identity Transgendered – people who feel their biological sex does not match their gender identity Transsexuals – a transgendered person who seeks to live as a member of the opposite sex with the help of hormones and surgery Transsexuals – a transgendered person who seeks to live as a member of the opposite sex with the help of hormones and surgery A

26. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. What does society expect from us because we are male or female? From birth we are expected to act like our gender From birth we are expected to act like our gender Different cultures have different standards Different cultures have different standards Society teaches us through Society teaches us through –Parents –Media –School A 1

27. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Parents are our primary teachers – they teach by: Modeling ‘appropriate’ roles Modeling ‘appropriate’ roles Conveying their attitudes and values Conveying their attitudes and values Approving of and rewarding ‘appropriate’ behavior Approving of and rewarding ‘appropriate’ behavior Criticizing ‘inappropriate’ sex-typed behavior Criticizing ‘inappropriate’ sex-typed behavior Providing ‘appropriate’ toys Providing ‘appropriate’ toys A 2

28. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Media sends powerful messages Television, Websites, Videos, Magazines –Portray and perpetuate traditional gender role stereotypes –Socialize both young & old –Research shows:  more TV viewing = more sexist attitudes  ‘sexy’ ads = dissatisfaction with bodies A 3

29. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Unconscious messages are everywhere School –Gender concepts taught formally at school –Gender-typed toys and reading materials –Boys reinforced for math & science –Title IX – attempt to level playing field –Teachers’ beliefs make them treat boys and girls differently A 4

30. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. A END

31. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Theories of Gender Role and Identity Each focuses on a different aspect of why we act masculine or feminine Each focuses on a different aspect of why we act masculine or feminine Need several theories to understand Need several theories to understand None explains everything None explains everything B

32. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social learning theory –Develop gender through exposure to many influences –Society rewards some behaviors and punishes others –‘Normal’ = living up to the expectations –Same-sex parent is most influential in shaping our gender B 1

33. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Cognitive development theory Gender concepts change as brain and thinking mature Gender concepts change as brain and thinking mature –3 to 5 – Gender constancy (a fixed concept of gender that cannot be altered by superficial things, such as clothing or appearance) –6 to 7 – views of gender roles oversimplified and stereotypic –Adult – gender roles complex and flexible B 2

34. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Schema Theory Schema – a framework of logic & ideas to organize information Schema – a framework of logic & ideas to organize information Strong gender schema = very definite ideas about how males and females should look & behave Strong gender schema = very definite ideas about how males and females should look & behave B 3

35. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Social structure/cultural theories –Gender roles established for power, status and division of labor –Gender differences more prevalent in male dominant / female subordinate relationships –Gender differences would disappear if genders viewed as equally powerful B 4

36. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Sociobiology / Functionalism Human genetics evolved so men and women are best adapted for certain biological functions Human genetics evolved so men and women are best adapted for certain biological functions –Sociobiologists – male and female genes have adapted to meet each sex’s reproductive goals –Functionalism – males and females evolved genetically to fulfill reproductive tasks B 5

37. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. B END

38. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Traditional Masculine and Feminine Stereotypes Gender stereotypes are: assumed differences assumed differences norms norms attitudes attitudes expectations expectations C

39. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Masculine Stereotypes Aggressive Aggressive Dominant Dominant Strong Strong Forceful Forceful Self-confident Self-confident Rugged Rugged Virile Virile Instrumental Instrumental Courageous Courageous Independent Independent Ambitious Ambitious Logical Logical Unemotional Unemotional Primary role is provider Primary role is provider Initiator with women Initiator with women C 1

40. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Feminine Stereotypes Unaggressive Unaggressive Submissive Submissive Weak Weak Sensitive Sensitive Gentle Gentle Kind Kind Tactful Tactful Warm Warm Affectionate Affectionate Sentimental Sentimental Softhearted Softhearted Dependent Dependent Emotional Emotional Excitable Excitable Illogical Illogical Talkative. Talkative. Primary role – motherhood Primary role – motherhood Secondary role – wife Secondary role – wife C 2

41. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems with Gender Stereotypes Conformance to norms expected Conformance to norms expected Different jobs and pay Different jobs and pay Behavioral double standards Behavioral double standards C 3

42. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems with Gender Stereotypes Non-stereotypic behavior perceived negatively Non-stereotypic behavior perceived negatively Gender role segregation = lack of cooperation, companionship and intimacy Gender role segregation = lack of cooperation, companionship and intimacy Traditional male/female traits don’t work in romantic relationships Traditional male/female traits don’t work in romantic relationships C 3

43. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Problems with Gender Stereotypes Some stereotypic ‘male’ traits and skills necessary to succeed in life Some stereotypic ‘male’ traits and skills necessary to succeed in life Aggressiveness and sexist attitudes can get men in trouble Aggressiveness and sexist attitudes can get men in trouble Mental and physical health suffers Mental and physical health suffers C 3

44. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. C END

45. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Roles and Body Image Young women taught body is ultimate expression of self Young women taught body is ultimate expression of self –More skin showing –Younger women seem happier –Beautiful women get the men Focus: Focus: –Women – relationships –Men – being strong and in control D

46. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Roles and Body Image TV, movies, advertisements, magazines, toys portray ideal body image TV, movies, advertisements, magazines, toys portray ideal body image –Thinness for women - abnormal or impossible –Females’ personal happiness = physical appearance –Impossible male muscularity D

47. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. D END

48. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Types of Gender Beliefs Male chauvinist = patriarchal view that men should be in control of women Male chauvinist = patriarchal view that men should be in control of women Sexist = women are inferior to men Sexist = women are inferior to men Feminist = women are equal to men Feminist = women are equal to men E

49. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Roles in the Family Gender beliefs determine family roles Gender beliefs determine family roles Gender roles can be created by each family through negotiation Gender roles can be created by each family through negotiation E

50. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Male vs. Female Brains Different proportions of hormones Different proportions of hormones Nervous system differences Nervous system differences Way information is processed Way information is processed all result in: all result in: Focus on different information Focus on different information Different problem-solving approaches Different problem-solving approaches Preference for different activities Preference for different activities E 1

51. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Ethnic Variations in Gender Roles Most research done with middle-class White females Most research done with middle-class White females Latinas or African Americans don’t fit stereotypes Latinas or African Americans don’t fit stereotypes – EX: African American teenaged girls – more self-reliant, resourceful, independent, strong Less ethnic differences among males Less ethnic differences among males E 2

52. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Housework and Child Care Roles Men do relatively little at home unless both partners believe in egalitarian roles Men do relatively little at home unless both partners believe in egalitarian roles Working women - “second shift” Working women - “second shift” Marital satisfaction Marital satisfaction –If perceptions are that each partner is “doing their part” E 3

53. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Gender Differences in Depression Causes Causes –Women: relationship problems –Men: failure to achieve or perform Coping Coping –Women: seek help; reach out –Men: don’t recognize; withdraw E 4

54. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Coping with a depressed partner Different in how they try to help Different in how they try to help –Women: protecting from further distress –Men: helping or trying to fix problem Same in how they interpret help: Same in how they interpret help: –Both feel controlled and dominated and more dependent E 4

55. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Roles Across the Life Cycle Satisfaction with division of labor changes across the life cycle Satisfaction with division of labor changes across the life cycle With age – trend toward androgynous roles With age – trend toward androgynous roles Higher marital satisfaction if: Higher marital satisfaction if: –Couples agree on division of labor –Gender-role congruence (agreement between partners’ gender-role expectations and their performances) E 5

56. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. E END

57. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Androgyny Gradual mixing of gender roles that combines masculinity and femininity Gradual mixing of gender roles that combines masculinity and femininity Androgynous vs. traditional Androgynous vs. traditional –Better social relationships –Better adjusted –Lower psychological distress –Higher self-esteem F

58. © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. F END