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Classification of Tissues
Exercise 6 Classification of Tissues
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What is a tissue? Groups of cells Similar in structure & function
Tissues are further organized into organs ( organ systems)
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4 Major Tissue Types Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
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Epithelial Tissues Cover surfaces Simple or stratified?
Simple = one layer of cells attached to the basement membrane Stratified = two or more layers of cells Name this epithelia by whichever “shape” the top layer of cells is (apical layer), not the bottom (basal layer)
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Epithelial Tissues Shapes of Epithelial Cells Squamous Cuboidal
Scalelike, flattened Cuboidal Cubelike Columnar Column-shaped Simple squamous Stratified squamous Simple cuboidal Stratified cuboidal Simple columnar Stratified columnar
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Epithelial Tissues Simple squamous epithelium Fig. 4-3
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Epithelial Tissues Simple cuboidal epithelium Fig 4-4
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Epithelial Tissues Simple columnar epithelium Fig 4-5
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Epithelial Tissues Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Actually simple columnar: nuclei are at different levels so there appears to be more than one layer Fig 4-5
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Epithelial Tissues Stratified squamous epithelium Fig. 4-3
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Epithelial Tissues Stratified cuboidal epithelium Fig 4-4
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Epithelial Tissues Stratified columnar epithelium Fig 4-5
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Epithelial Tissues Transitional epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded cells that can slide over one another, allowing the organ to stretch: urinary system only Fig 4-4
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES Embryonic connective tissue Loose connective tissue
mesenchyme Loose connective tissue Areolar, adipose, reticular Dense connective tissue Dense irregular, dense regular Supportive connective tissue Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilages; bone Fluid connective tissue Blood, lymph
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CONNECTIVE TISSUES Differing proportions of cells and fibers to “matrix” Matrix is noncellular, nonliving material between the connective tissue cells Different proportions have to deal with strength of the tissue
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Classification of Connective Tissues
Fig. 4-8 Many cell types Syrupy ground substance Distinct cell types Watery matrix Less diverse cell types More fibrous matrix
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Embryonic Connective Tissue
Mesenchyme Many star-shaped stem cells Gives rise to all other connective tissues Not present in adults Fig. 4-10
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Loose Connective Tissue
Areolar connective tissue Can contain all cells and fibers of any connective tissue Loosely organized ground substance Cushions & protects body’s organs Lots of matrix Fig. 4-9
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Loose Connective Tissue
Adipose connective tissue (fat) Insulation for the body’s tissues Food storage Little matrix Fig. 4-11
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Loose Connective Tissue
Reticular connective tissue Reticular fibers form a soft internal skeleton for support Fig. 4-11
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Dense Connective Tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue Fibers in many directions Dermis Fig. 4-12
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Dense Connective Tissue
Dense regular connective tissue Fibers in one direction Tendons, ligaments of body’s joints Fig. 4-12
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Supportive Connective Tissue
Hyaline Cartilage Support, reinforcement Somewhat flexible Most common cartilage Fig. 4-15
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Supportive Connective Tissue
Elastic Cartilage Maintains shape, but flexible Many elastic fibers Fig. 4-15
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Supportive Connective Tissue
Fibrocartilage Strength, shock absorption Dense network of collagen fibers Fig. 4-15
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Supportive Connective Tissue
Osseous Connective Tissue (Bone) Support, protection Fig. 4-16
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Fluid Connective Tissue
Blood Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets Transport gases and other nutrients and waste Watery matrix (plasma or serum) Fig. 4-13
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Fluid Connective Tissue
Lymph Fluid of the lymphatic system Like plasma without the big proteins Immune defense
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MUSCLE TISSUES Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
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Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Attached to the skeleton Under conscious control Striated tissue Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells Fig. 4-19
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Cardiac Muscle Tissue Only in the heart Striated tissue
Under involuntary control Branching, uninucleate cells with intercalated discs Fig. 4-19
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Smooth Muscle Tissue Found in the walls of hollow organs (digestive, urinary tracts; blood vessels) 2 layers at right angles for contraction/dilation of the organ cavity Not striated tissue Uninucleate, spindle-shaped cells Fig. 4-19
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Muscle type Cells striations Voluntary? Cardiac branched Uninucleate Intercalated discs yes no Skeletal Long fibers multinucleate Smooth Spindle shaped 1 nucleus
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NERVOUS TISSUE Brain, spinal cord, nerves 2 basic cell types:
Neuroglia cells Protect, support, and insulate the neurons Neurons Receive stimuli and conduct nerve impulses all over the body
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Fig. 4-20
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