1. Planning Essays

2. Common structures used in essays: Time organization structure PastPresentfuture

3. Common structures used in essays: Comparison organization structure Examination and comparison of topic 1 Examination and comparison of Topic 2 Examination and comparison of topic 3 Examination and comparison of topic 4

4. Common structures used in essays: For and Against organization structure Advantages and disadvantages of system 1 Advantages and disadvantages of system 2

5. Example Outline the development of the modern tourist industry: A) Introduction: Current situation: growing demand/curernt problems, e.g. Pollution B) Main Body – i) mass tourism began in 1960s with development of jet aircraft – İi) package holidays helped to popularize foreign travel – İi) constant demand for new destinations and new types of holiday – İii) danger of damaging environment through growth of visitors c) Conclusion Industry has grown tapidly but faces variety of threats

6. Which structure would be the most suitable for the following titles? A) Prisons make criminals worse, and should be abolished.Discuss. B) In the UK, radio is gaining audience while TV is losing viewers. Consider possible reasons. C) Trace the development of mass production and evaluate its main benefits. D) Examinations can never be fair: To what extent is this true? E) The internet will make books redundant in twenty years. Discuss.

7. Which structure would be the most suitable for the following titles? A) Prisons make criminals worse, and should be abolished.Discuss. – For and against B) In the UK, radio is gaining audience while TV is losing viewers. Consider possible reasons. – Comparison C) Trace the development of mass production and evaluate its main benefits. – Time D) Examinations can never be fair: To what extent is this true? – For and against E) The internet will make books redundant in twenty years. Discuss. – Comparison

8. Exercise 7: Planning longer essays Task: Use the notes to write a plan for the title: Title: Student numbers in higher education are rising in most countries. Is it desirable to keep increasing the numbers of young people to take a degree?

9. Possible answer Introduction In 1985 12% of young people went to university in the UK. Now the figure is over 30%. Similar growth has been experienced in many countries, developed and developing. Outline of essay: benefits and drawbacks of expansion

10. Possible answer Main Body 1. Benefits of expansion Modern economies are based on knowledge. Therefore every country needs to educate its workforce as highly as possible to compete with other economies. University education may help students from poorer countries to move into a higher social position.

11. Possible answer Main Body 2. Drawbacks of expansion As student numbers rise, standards fall. Classrooms become more crowded, and overworked teachers are less able to give students personal attention. Because increasing numbers of young people are gaining a first degree, their degrees are worth less. It is now necessary to have a second degree to compete in the labour market. Recent research shows thatr employers are looking for personal skills rather than educational qualifications. The average students in Britain now leaves university with debts of £15,000.

12. Possible answer Discussion Higher education does not benefit everyone. Advantages have to be balanced against time and money invested. Conclusion Not clear that numbers in higher education can be expanded indefinitely.

13. Organizing paragraphs Paragraphs- Building blocks of articles. A collection of sentences that deal with one subject All paragraphs contain topic sentences Introductory paragraphs – definitions Descriptive paragraphs – information Other sentences – examples – reasons - restatements

14. Analysis of paragraphs Sentence 1topic Sentence 2Definition Sentence 3Example Sentence 4Detail Sentence 5Detail Sentence 6reason

15. TopicLondon has been … RestatementFor many centuries … ReasonIts dominance is due … ExampleThe romans were the first … informationOver 500 years ago …

16. Organizing the main body: description development abcd

17. Organizing the main body: for and against x X1X2 y Y1Y2

18. Organizing the main body: for and against x X1X2 y Y1Y2