1. Phylogeny, Taxonomy, Cells and Tissues

2. Phylogeny & Taxonomy Phylogeny –Evolutionary relationship of animal groups –Established by comparative study of homologies Anatomical Embryological Molecular Taxonomy –Naming of groups –Based on phylogenic relationships and homologies at Domain, Kingdom, Phylum level –Based on individual traits at Genus & species level

3. Taxonomic Groups Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Archae, Bacteria, Eukarya Animalia, Plantae, Protista, Fungi 11 major & 9 minor phyla of Animalia Genus species binomial nomenclature used to specifically identify organisms

4. Taxonomy of Humans Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species sapiens

5. Phylogeny of Kingdom Animalia ProtostomesDeuterostomes 4 Deuterostome development, Endoskeleton Protostome development 4 Mollusca 5 Tissues 1 ParazoaEumetazoa 1 No true tissues Porifera (sponges) Radiata Bilateria 2 Bilateral symmetry Radial symmetry 2 Radiata (Cnidaria and Ctenophora) AcoelomatesPseudocoelomates Coelomates 3 Body cavity No body cavity 3 Platyhelminthes (flatworms) Coelom Pseudocoel Nematoda (roundworms) Rotifera (rotifers) ? Lophophorates Jointed appendages, Exoskeleton Segmentation Segmented 5 Annelida Arthro- poda Segmented Notochord, Pharyngeal arches, Dorsal nerve Echinodermata Chordata Ancestral protist Multicellularity

6. Two Types of Cells Prokaryotic –Domains bacteria and archaea No nucleus or membranous organelles Typically small < 10  m Single circular chromosome Eukaryotic –Domain eukarya Have a nucleus (sometimes more than 1) Have numerous membranous organelles Larger than 20  m (usually >100  m) Multiple, linear chromosomes within nucleus

7. Animal Cell

8. Nucleus Houses chromosomes - DNA Transcription – production of RNA from DNA Key components –Nuclear membrane –Nucleoplasm –Chromatin threads –Nucleolus

9. Nucleus Gene Expression DNA transcribed RNA translated Protein DNA Genes Chromatin Chromosomes

10. Chromosome Each chromatid is a DNA double helix Aggregate of genes Sister

11. Mitosis

12. Cell Membrane Encloses cell Regulates entry/exit of materials

13. Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes – protein synthesis ER – processing of proteins

14. Golgi Apparatus Processing of proteins for secretion

15. Production & Secretion of Proteins

16. Mitochondrion Production of ATP ATP used to activate proteins

17. Cellular Organization Cells Tissues – similar cells are organized to perform common functions. Organs – tissues are assembled organs which perform specific functions Animal

18. Major Tissue Types

19. Muscle Tissue 3 major types –Cardiac –Skeletal (striated) –Smooth Major proteins –Contractile proteins Actin Myosin

20. Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Multinucleated cellsAttached to bones Main function is movement

21. Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Striations, but unfused cells Located in heart Function is contraction the heart

22. Muscle Tissue: Smooth Mononucleate Located in GI tract, uterus, urinary bladder and blood vessels. Propulsion of materials

23. Connective Tissues Adipose – support, protection, conservation of heat and energy storage. Areolar – anchors blood vessels, nerves and organs. Cartilage – flexibility and support Bone – protection, support and muscle attachment Blood – transport oxygen / CO2, clotting and immune response Extracellular matrix –Collagen – forms cable-like fibers or sheets that provide tensile strength. –Elastin – rubber like protein fiber that abundant in flexible tissues. –Fibronection – promotes cell adhesion and anchorage.

24. Connective Tissue: Areolar

25. Connective Tissue: Adipose

26. Connective Tissues: Cartilage & Bone Cartilage Bone

27. Connective Tissue: Blood Erythrocytes – red blood cells Leukocytes – white blood cells Platelets

28. Epithelial Tissue Tightly connected cells Line exterior of body Line interior of cavities –Gut, blood vessels, lymph vessels, glands Secretion –Sweat –Digestive enzymes –Milk

29. Epithelial Tissues

30. Neural Tissue Composed of highly specialized cells called neurons that transmit electrical impulses across junction called synapses. Total number is fixed at birth.