1. Fall of the Roman Empire Presented to you by: Jocelyn Rhodes and Nikki Relyea

2. Time Line – Decline of Rome AD 270 – Emperor Aurelian builds a new wall around city of Rome as protection against barbarian attack 303 – Diocletian intensifies persecution of Christians; divides Empire into East and West as governmental reforms seek to control aspect of Roman life 313 – Constantine grants toleration of Christianity 325 – Universal Church Council of Nicaea was formed 330 – Constantine makes Constantinople new capital of Eastern Empire 378 – Barbarians defeat Romans at Adrianople 380 – Christianity becomes official religion of Empire 395 - Roman Empire permanently divided into East and West 410 – Rome sacked by Visigoths; Saint Augustine writes City of God in defence of charges made against Christianity 451 – Attila the Hun is defeated Romans and barbarians at Troyes 455 – Rome sacked by Vandals 476 - End of Western Empire; German barbarian, Odoacer, deposes line of Roman emperors in the West

3. Seven Reasons of Rome’s Decline Division of Rome Military Decline Technology Taxation Politics Depopulation Religion and Christianity

4. Division of Rome West Latin as language Roman Catholicism Capital: Rome Ended in 476 AD East Greek as language Greek Orthodox Capital: Constantinople Ended in 1453 AD Emperor Diocletian divided the Roman Empire into two halves, East and West. This was ruled by two co-emperors. This was finalized by 395 AD.

6. Politics Rome degenerated into a totalitarian state – citizens though they were invincible Unstable succession of Emperors – neither a hereditary or adoption techniques – not long-lasting or generally accepted Emperor Honorius had a guardian named Stilicho. Stilicho was a Romanized barbarian, and he helped run the empire. Allowed barbarian settlement on Roman soil.

7. Taxation and Depopulation Crippling taxes – brought down citizen pride Major inflation of prices also occurred at this time “sterility” in human harvest A plague also hit Rome at about this time

8. Technology Rome did not advance in technology Used slave labour, no need for machinery Lack of advancements partially due to their education system – did not inspire the mind Lack of technology – lack of military technology

9. Military Decline Emperor Aurelian built a wall around city of Rome as protection against barbarian attack in 270 AD Military was able to draft citizens in time of war, army became full of volunteers Emperor Caracalla drafted any free-born inhabitant that wasn’t a citizen Army started to plunder Roman cities Western Empire was hit hard by invasions by Germanic tribes Barbarians enlisted in army, started to gain high military status Major battle lost at Adrianople in 378 AD Rome sacked by Visigoths in 410 AD Attila and the Huns invaded in 451 AD German tribe called Vandals sacked Rome in 455 AD German Barbarian Odacer deposes line of Roman Emperors in 476 AD

10. Religion in Rome Religion was similar to Greek religion -> polytheism Zeus = Jupiter, Aphrodite = Venus, Ares = Mars, etc. Rome was tolerant of foreign religions Were expected to respect Roman gods while in a Roman setting Judaism was less tolerated -> Romans accepted it, but didn’t approve of it; Jews were allowed to become citizens Jews lost privileges after revolt against Roman masters – 66-70 AD, 132-135 AD Jews were blamed for the fire that wrecked Rome

11. Persecution of the Christians Romans became more sensitive about Christian criticism and faith Christians refused to worship Roman gods – if people confessed they were Christians, they were executed (eg. Paul and Peter) At time of Diocletian – Christianity began to flourish Launched vicious persecution of Christians – destroyed churches, burned scriptures, drove Christians from government positions, imprisoned clergymen Christians had to sacrifice themselves to state gods under penalty of death Courage of the martyrs strengthened commitment of true believers of Christianity

12. Christianity and Constantine Constantine granted toleration of Christianity and was recognized as an official religion His conversion made Christianity more important in Rome He raised this religion to offset other forces threatening to break up the empire After Constantine, Christianity became Rome’s official religion in 380 AD Pagans were then persecuted by the Christians

13. Overall Impact Christianity was a disintegrating force Weakened the power of Rome to resist enemies Won out because it offered a clear and simple message to people

14. Questions 1.Do you believe that if the barbarians had focused their attack on the Eastern Empire, that it would have fallen? 2.Which do you find more important: military, politics or religion? Why? 3.Do you think the division of the empire was a good decision? 4.Do you think the persecution of the Christians had any particular effect, such as weakening the Christians or strengthening them? 5.Do you think the Christians were any better than the pagans in their justification?

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