1. Pg. 162-167

2.  Explain the concept of an isotope  Understand how elements can be made radioactive

3.  Provides a tool for identifying and quantitating elements  Investigates how changing the number of subatomic particles unleashing new sources of energy

4.  Emission of radiation that accompanies the spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei  Three types Alpha rays – positively charged particles, known as Helium without its electrons Beta rays - electrons Gamma rays – electromagnetic radiations similar to X-rays but of a higher frequency and energy

5.  Creates radioactive isotopes  Neutron is captured by the nucleus and a new isotope is formed with one additional neutron  Nuclei is activated and may immediately begin to decompose Emits radiation

6.  Technique of bombarding specimens with neutrons and measuring the resultant gamma-ray radioactivity  Provides a nondestructive method for identifying and quantitating trace elements  One of the most sensitive methods

7.  Major drawback = expense Must have access to a nuclear reactor as well as sophisticated analyzers needed to detect and discriminate gamma-ray emissions  Employed for characterizing trace elements present in metals, drugs, paint, soil, gunpowder residue, and hair

8.  Technique that tells how elements are combined into compounds  Aims a beam of x-rays at a crystal and studies how x-rays interact with the atoms of the substance under investigation  Applied only to a solid, crystalline structure About 95% of all inorganic compounds are crystalline in nature

9.  X-rays penetrate the crystal and the beam is reflected by each atomic plane Reflected beams produce a series of light and dark bands known as diffraction pattern  Each compound is known to produce its own unique diffraction pattern “fingerprint” of compound

10. 1. What is radioactivity? 2. What are the three types of radiation? 3. Briefly describe the process of neutron activation analysis. 4. Name two advantages and two drawbacks of neutron activation analysis. 5. Briefly describe X-ray diffraction.