1. Review of basic concepts

2.  The knowledge of sentences and their structure.  Syntactic rules include: ◦ The grammaticality of sentences ◦ Word order ◦ Hierarchical organization of sentences ◦ Grammatical relations such as subject and object ◦ Whether different structures have different meanings or the same meanings

3.  Major word classes  Nouns  Verbs  Adjectives  Adverbs  Minor word classes  Determiners  Prepositions  Auxiliaries  Conjunctions  Pronouns

4.  What 2 functions can an adjective take? ◦ Adjectives can have a predicative function or an attributive function.  Why are adverbs often considered the ‘garbage’ category and what different types of adverbs are there? Give examples?

5.  What’s a noun phrase (NP)?  What’s a verb phrase (VP)?

6. Phrasal categoryFormFunction NPHeaded by a nounSubject of sentence VPHeaded by a verbPredicate of sentence NP detadjN The friendly person V VP detN NP asked a question

7. Continued

8.  What is the purpose of studying syntax?  To investigate word order and sentence structure.  To be able to consciously articulate our unconscious knowledge of English.

9.  What are sentences made up of?  “words”?  Remember from Morphology that words are not made up of letters or sounds…  A constituent is a group or ‘chunk’ of words that belong together as a unit.

10.  The man with the toupee shocked the woman at the bar. Sentence (S) Subject (NP)Predicate (VP) The man with the toupeeshocked the woman at the bar Hierarchical constituent structure

11. Big stereo sale  What does it mean?  2 possible meanings:  (1) A big sale of stereos  (2) A sale of big stereos  Linearly, there’s no difference  Big stereo sale

12.  Meaning  (1)A big sale of stereos(2) a sale of big stereosBig stereo sale

13. Quick exercise  For each ambiguous phrase, provide a paraphrase and hierarchical diagram to represent each possible meaning.  Lebanese history teachersLebanese history teachers  Old taxi driversold taxi drivers

14. The boy played in the garden S N P VP det N NP V det PP NP

15. ____ __ ___ __ _____ _____ S N P VP det N NP V PP NP det

16. The tipsy man finished the drink in one minute det adj N V det N P det N NP PP VP S VV adj det PN

17. The man at the bar ordered a drink with no ice det N P det N V det N P det N NP PP NP VP S V P Ndet N N P

18.  Every NP has a grammatical relation to some other element in sentence.  NP: ‘The man at the bar’ relationship with ‘ordered’= SUBJECT  NPs to left of verbs = subject (dominated by S)  NP: ‘a drink with no ice’ = direct object  NPs to right of verbs and dominated directly by VP = direct object  Other 2 NPs not related to verb but to preposition (dominated directly by PP) = object of a preposition

19.  Quick exercise Many people in the house put their hands in the air. det N P det N V det N P det N NP PP VP S