1. By: Jeremy Pagnotti

2.  Phonetic language (no silent letters)  No particular word order  Grammatical function of nouns and verbs displayed by endings not order (cases, conjugation)  3 genders: masculine, feminine and neuter  2 tenses: present & past  Present=modern present and future  Past=modern past & pluperfect (with ǣ r )  3 Moods: Imperative (orders), indicative (what is), and subjunctive (hypothetical)

3.  4 cases for nouns  Nominative: Subject  Genitive: Possession  Dative: Indirect Object  Accusative: Direct Object  Case endings apply to articles, adjectives, and pronouns as well as nouns; however, endings differ for each

4.  Infinitive typically ends with ‘n’  Endings determine subject of verb for indicative singular (1 st person, 2 nd person, 3 rd person)  Plural endings for all moods do not reveal person by themselves  Subjunctive does not reveal person in singular & plural  3 types: weak (consonant change between tenses), strong (vowel change between tenses) and irregular (words like ‘to be’)

5.  Not phonetic (silent letters)  Word order determines meaning  Genders only apply to people/animals and names & are implied by context  No cases  Verb endings only show number of verb (see/sees) and tense (look/looked)  Pronouns however do follow case system similar to Old English (he/him/his, she/her/hers, etc)

6.  http://oldenglishteaching.arts.gla.ac.uk/Units /3_Description_of_OE.html http://oldenglishteaching.arts.gla.ac.uk/Units /3_Description_of_OE.html