1. Biomolecular Principles: Nucleic Acids and DNA Mohamed Bingabr, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Engineering and Physics University of Central Oklahoma

2. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) DNA Contains all the instructions for producing every molecule currently in the cell (protein). Human DNA extended 9 cm storage of genetic information. Origin of most diseases

3. DNA Structure Nucleotides Nucleic Acids DNA

4. Nucleotide Provide a mechanism for storage of genetic information. Adenine Base (A) Thymine Base (T) Guanine Base (G)Cytosine Base (C)

5. Nucleotides Bonding (1) The phosphate linked to carbon 5 is coupled to carbon 3 through the hydroxyl (5  3’).

6. Nucleotides Bonding (2) Hydrogen bonding between bases.

7. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

8. DNA Fingerprinting (1) Technique: Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) 1)Restriction enzymes cut the long DNA strands into small fragments. Enzyme EcoRI cuts the DNA at every site that contains the sequence GAATTC.

9. DNA Fingerprinting (2) 2)Sort the fragment according to size using gel electrophoresis 3)Press the gel against filter paper to create a replica of the gel. 4)Soak the filter paper in a solution of radioactive DNA probe.

10. DNA Fingerprinting (3) 1)Radioactive DNA will hybridize with the DNA samples. 2)Radioactive bands can be photographed with x-ray film, making a picture of the DNA fingerprint.

11. Chromosomes DNA is folded and packaged into chromosomes to fit inside the nucleus. DNA is packaged with proteins called histones to form a material called chromatin.

12. Chromosomes Human cell contain 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. The paired chromosomes are called homologous chromosomes: one is inherited from each parent. Genes are located on chromosomes.

13. Transcription and Translation How is the sequence of nucleotide bases in a gene used to synthesize a protein?

14. DNA Replication Machinery (1) Direction of replication 5’ to 3’ DNA Helicase: unwinds the double helix Single-Stranded DNA Binding: keep DNA from winding

15. DNA Replication Machinery (2) DNA polymerase: synthesis the DNA strand DNA ligase: join the Okazaki fragments Topoisomerase: prevents the twisting of the chromosome Lack of one protein prevent polymerization

16. DNA Transcription of a Gene Promoter codon Termination codon

17. mRNA Translation: Protein Synthesis The organelles ribosomes is a machine that is composed of proteins and package of nuclec acids called ribosomal RNAs

18. Genetic Code (1) Genetic Code: The sequence in which the A, C, G, and T organic bases appear on a strand. Gene: determines the instruction for linking amino acids to form protein. Every three bases is a code (triplet) for one amino acid. GAA is the code for the amino acid Glutamate AUG is the start codon and the code for the amino acid methionine 3 billion organic bases encode 30,000 human genes

19. Genetic Code (2)

20. Control of Gene Expression All human cells contain the same genetic information Cells express only a fraction of the genes Different types of cells express different genes Example: Only certain cells of the pancreas express the gene for insulin. How is gene expression controlled in individual cells?

21. Regulation of Gene expression (1) 1.DNA Level: Transcription factors can bind to the promotor regions to enhance or inhibit transcription (steroid hormone)

22. Regulation of Gene expression (2) 2.RNA Level: Transcription of unstable mRNA that degraded

23. Regulation of Gene expression (3) 3.Protein Level: Protein can be inactivated until they are needed.

24. Application of Gene Expression Block expression of specific gene to study its function. Gene Therapy: block gene from excessive production of protein.

25. Recombinant DNA Technology Techniques to transfer genetic information from one organism to another. Molecular cloning: making a copy of a gene

26. Cloning of DNA Using Bacteria Bacteria used to clone foreign segments of DNA Same enzyme used to cut the plasmid and the foreign DNA. Transformation by mechanical or chemical technique Transfection: Inserting plasmid to animal cell. Transduction: Inserting gene to animal cell by viral method.

27. Applications of Recombinant DNA 1 Genetically modified organisms -Golden rice: produce provitamin A and iron -More resistance to environmental damage and viral infection.

28. Applications of Recombinant DNA 2 Animal Models of Human Diseases Alter the DNA to produce similar human diseases - to study the efficacy of potential therapeutics to human disease. - to study the function of unknown gene or protein

29. Gene Therapy and Viral Vectors Retrovirus are single-strand RNA viruses that infect animal cells and use the host transcription and translation machinery to produce viral proteins (HIV).

30. DNA Disorder InterGenetic Inc in Oklahoma: OncoVue Breast Cancer Risk Test http://www.intergenetics.com/intergenetics/index.html DisorderMutationChromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndromeD22q Angelman syndromeDCP15 Down syndromeC21 HemophiliaPX Color blindnessPX P - Point mutation, or any insertion/deletion entirely inside one gene D - Deletion of a gene or genes C - Whole chromosome extra, missing, or both - see chromosomal aberrations T - Trinucleotide repeat disorders - gene is extended in length Currently about 4,000 genetic disorders are known, with more being discovered.

31. Cellular Physiological Lifestyle Animation of Inner Cell Life with Music: http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html http://www.studiodaily.com/main/searchlist/6850.html Animation of Inner Cell Life with Explanation: http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/media.html http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/media.html

32. Homework (due March 3) There are different type of genetic disease. Write a paper (2 - 3 pages) about a disease that is due to one defected gene. The paper should talk about: - Symptoms of the disease -The defected gene and its function -The protein produced by the gene. - The cause of the defected gene (inherited or viral) -Possible cure for the disease -Other interesting things about the disease