1. Day 3
Commas 2

2. To set of nonrestrictive phrases and clauses.
Commas…
To set of nonrestrictive phrases and clauses.
Use commas to set off information that is not necessary to the basic meaning of the sentence.
Example:
People get drinking water from surface water or groundwater, which makes up only one percent of the earth’s water supply.

3. Unrestricted = not necessary, not required, additional information.
Restricted = necessary, required information.
Restricted phrases or clauses are not set off with a comma.
Example:
Groundwater that is free from harmful pollutants is rare.

4. To set off titles or initials
Use commas to set off a title, a name, or initials that follow a person’s name. (Use only one period if an initial comes at the end of a sentence.)
Example:
Melanie Prokat, M.D, is our family’s doctor. However, she is listed in the phone book as Prokat, M.

5. To set off interruptions
Use commas to set off a word, phrase, or clause that interrupts the main thought of a sentence.
Examples:
There are, indeed, about 1,000 people in my school. (word)
The gym, not the cafeteria, was expanded a while ago. (phrase)
Our school, as we all know, is becoming overcrowded again. (clause)

6. Identify interruptions by using the following test:
You can leave them out of a sentence without changing the sentence’s meaning.
You can place them other places in the sentences without changing the sentence’s meaning.
Homework:
Please complete pages ____________ in your notebook.
Homework is due next class meeting.
10 points

7. Practice!
Complete “Comma 2” in your notebook on the left side. Title your page “Comma 2.” You only have to write the answer.
You may not leave when the bell rings if you did not finish the assignment.
You have 15 minutes. You may work together. We will correct your answer in class.

8. Day 4
Commas 3

9. The Mediterranean island Cyprus is about half the size of Connecticut.
To set off appositives
Commas set off an appositive from the rest of the sentence.
An appositive is a word or phrase that identifies or renames a noun or pronoun.
Examples:
The capital of Cyprus, Nicosia, has a population of almost 643,000.
Cyprus, an island in the Mediterranean Sea, is about half the size of Connecticut.
The Mediterranean island Cyprus is about half the size of Connecticut.

10. To separate equal adjectives
Use commas to separate two or more adjectives that equally modify the same noun.
Adjectives are describing words that modifies nouns.
Examples:
Comfortable, efficient cars are becoming more important to drivers
Some automobiles run on clean, renewable sources of energy.
Conventional gasoline engines emit a lot of pollution.

11. Use these tests to help you decide if adjectives modify equally.
Switch the order of the adjectives; if the sentence is clear, the adjectives modify equally.
Yes: Efficient, comfortable cars are becoming more important to drivers
No: Gasoline conventional engines emit a lot of pollution.
Put the word and between the adjectives; if the sentence is clear, use a comma when and is taken out.
Yes: Comfortable and efficient cars are becoming more important to drivers.
No: Conventional and gasoline engines emit a lot of pollution.

12. Homework:
Please complete pages ____________ in your notebook.
Homework is due next class meeting.
10 points

13. Practice!
Complete “Comma 3” in your notebook on the left side. Title your page “Comma 3.” You only have to write the answer.
You may not leave when the bell rings if you did not finish the assignment.
You have 15 minutes. You may work together. We will correct your answer in class.