1. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, Sixth Edition © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 10 Positive Behavioral Supports: Reinforcement Strategies

2. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-2 Positive Behavioral Support (PBS) Refer to the use of positive reinforcement strategies as the principal method of changing behavior

3. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-3 Reinforcement Definition any stimulus that maintains or increases the behavior exhibited immediately prior to the presentation of the stimulus.

4. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-4 Types of Reinforcement Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Primary reinforcers Secondary reinforcers Socially valid reinforcers Extrinsic versus intrinsic reinforcement

5. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-5 Positive Behavior Terms Positive Reinforcement – provision of a consequence (reward) which follows a target behavior and results in an increase or maintenance of the target behavior Negative Reinforcement – removal of a negative consequence following a target behavior and results in an increase or maintenance of the target behavior Punishment – a consequence, usually negative, that decreases the behavior that it follows Response Cost – systematic removal of reinforcers as a consequence of inappropriate behavior such that it decreases the behavior that it follows Extinction – (ignoring) – decreases inappropriate behaviors by neither reinforcing nor punishing

6. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-6 Examples + reinforcement – you praise or reward a child after they complete their work - reinforcement – because a child completes their work they don’t have to stay in at recess Punishment – because a student doesn’t complete their work they have to stay in at recess Response cost – after giving tokens for completing work – you take tokens away for incomplete work later in the day

7. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-7 Types of Reinforcers Primary (tangible) – meet biological need (food) – something real Secondary – intangible or represents Social (praise, smiles) Tokens – can be traded for something Activity (computer time, games, etc.)

8. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-8 Other Terms for Reinforcers Socially valid – acceptable within the student’s social setting Extrinsic – observable – e.g. a cookie Intrinsic – internally motivating – e.g. child likes to do a “good” job Premack Principle – pair low preference activity w/high preference one “Eat your peas and you get dessert”

9. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-9 Establishing an Effective Reinforcement Program Establish clear and consistent expectations Teachers must set the example Determine delivery of reinforcers Avoid reinforcement satiation

10. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-10 Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio reinforcement schedules Fixed ratio schedules Variable ratio schedules Interval reinforcement schedules Fixed interval schedules Variable interval schedules

11. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-11 Reinforcement Schedules More serious behavior or more quickly you want behavior to change – more immediate reinforcement has to be. Main Types: Interval – at predetermined intervals of time – gradually extend time Intermittent – no predetermined time interval

12. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-12 Shaping & Chaining Behaviors Shaping behaviors refers to the reinforcement of successive approximations of a terminal behavior Chaining behaviors refers to the performance of a series or sequence of behaviors Forward chaining Backward chaining

13. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-13 Token Economy is a symbolic reinforcement system Based on a monetary system Characteristics of tokens Should be something that the students can see, touch, and count Exchangeable for a high preference activity or reinforcer

14. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-14 Token Economies Usually a whole group behavior mgt. system (can be a level system) Steps: 1. Define behaviors (+) that will be focus 2. Determine tokens to be used 3. Determine how you will track 4. Decide on reinforcers & response cost 5. Implement and plan for evaluation

15. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-15 Contingency Contracting Involves the establishment of a written contract between a student and teacher regarding… the performance of specific target behaviors in exchange for specific consequences Advantages of Contracts

16. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-16 Contingency Contracts 1. Gather observational data on behavior 2. Discuss with student (Parent?) 3. Get admission of problem & buy in to do it 4. Jointly develop contract & sign it (keep a copy) 5. Make reinforcers & consequences reasonable 6. Include timetable/plan for monitoring & evaluating 7. Follow it!!!

17. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-17 Generalization the degree to which a behavior change transfers to other settings Stimulus generalization Degree behavior changes across settings Response generalization Degree behavior changes influences other behaviors – now that I’ve stopped talking I get more work done

18. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-18 Promoting Generalization of Behavior Changes Teach in natural settings Select natural antecedents for stimulus control Select natural consequences as reinforcers Reinforce generalization

19. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-19 Maintenance the degree to which a behavior change is maintained over time When training is conducted within natural settings, using natural antecedents and consequences… behavior changes are more likely to be maintained.

20. Behavior Management: Positive Applications for Teachers, 6e – Zirpoli ISBN: 0137065221 © 2012, 2008, 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 10-20 Summary Reinforcers can take many different forms and be administered in different ways Choice and schedule of reinforcers are important in changing behaviors Getting behavior changes to generalize & be maintained across settings is final goal of positive behavioral techniques