1. Special Education BY: KATHRYN AND CARLIE Speech and Language Impairment Other Heath Impairments (OHI) Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)

2. What is Speech or Language Impairment? A communication disorder such as stuttering, child experiences challenges in pronouncing specific sounds, difficulty comprehending words properly, expressing oneself and listening to others, or difficulty voicing words that adversely affects a child’s educational performance.

3. Disabilities  Produces sounds incorrectly  Problems expressing needs, ideas, or information, and/or in understanding what others say  Child’s flow of speech is destroyed by sounds and syllables  Child’s voice has an abnormal quality to its pitch or loudness

4. Warning Signs  Stuttering  Difficulty in learning to learn, speak, read, or write  Difficulty understanding and expressing language

5. Modifications Classroom  Go see Speech-Language Pathologist that the school  IEPs  Give additional time to complete or make up work  Substituting written papers or projects for oral presentations  Allowing the student to demonstrate learning one-on-one with the teacher  Reduce unnecessary classroom noise as much as possible  Be near the student when giving vocal instructions  Provide a quiet spot for the student to work  Speak slowly  Provide visual cues like blackboards  Provide step by step directions

6. What are Other Health Impairment?  Having a disability caused by disease, condition, disorder, or injury that substantially affects strength, vitality, or alertness.

7. Warning signs  The student’s condition must cause a substantial impact on his or her educational performance.  Heightened alertness to environmental stimuli.

8. Causes  Asthma: a person’s airways become inflamed, narrow and swell, and produce extra mucus  Attention Deficit Disorder: chronic condition including attention difficulty, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness  Diabetes: too much sugar in the blood, or high blood glucose  Epilepsy: disorder in which nerve cell activity in the brain is disturbed, causing seizures  Heart Condition: different conditions that affect the heart  Hemophilia: a disorder in which blood doesn’t clot normally  Lead Poisoning: lead builds up in the body  Leukemia: a cancer of blood-forming tissues, hindering the body's ability to fight infection  Nephritis: inflammation of the kidneys  Rheumatic Fever: disease that can result from inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever  Sickle Cell Anemia: a group of disorders that cause red blood cells to become misshapen and break down  Tourette Syndrome: nervous system disorder involving repetitive movements or unwanted sounds

9. Disabilities  Fatigue  Issues involving attention  Mobility issues  Coordination difficulties  Muscle weakness  Lack of physical health  Inability to concentrate for long periods of time

10. Classroom Modifications  Establish procedures for dealing with medical emergencies  Recent advances in technology can help with physical disabilities, giving them greater control over communication and daily living skills  Provide special adaptive equipment such as specially designed desks, positioning devices, wedges, or standing tables  Physical independence, mastery of daily living skills  Self-awareness  Communication  Academic growth  Life skills training

11. Traumatic Brain Injury  Brain dysfunction caused by an outside force, usually a violent blow to the head

12. Warning Signs  Headache: can be persistent  Cognitive: mental confusion, inability to speak or understand, inability to recognize common things, amnesia, difficulty concentrating, inability to create new memories, or difficulty thinking and understanding  Behavioral: abnormal laughing and crying, lack of restraint, irritability, persistent repetition of words or actions, aggression, or impulsivity  Eyes: raccoon eyes, unequal pupils, or dilated pupil  Mood: loneliness, anger, or apathy  Visual: sensitivity to light or blurred vision  Sensory: sensitivity to sound or loss of smell  Speech: slurred speech or impaired voice  Psychological: anxiety or depression  Whole body: fainting, nausea, balance disorder, fatigue, blackout, or dizziness  Also common: a temporary moment of clarity, post-traumatic seizure, stiff muscles, ringing in the ears, bleeding, vomiting, nerve injury, bruising, or bone fracture

13. Causes  Damage to brain cells may be limited to the area directly below the point of impact on the skull.  A severe blow or jolt can cause multiple points of damage because the brain may move back and forth in the skull.  A severe rotational or spinning jolt can cause the tearing of cellular structures.  A blast, as from an explosive device, can cause widespread damage.  An object penetrating the skull can cause severe, irreparable damage to brain cells, blood vessels and protective tissues around the brain.  Bleeding in or around the brain, swelling, and blood clots can disrupt the oxygen supply to the brain and cause wider damage.  Falls  Violence  Sport Injury  Vehicle-related collisions  Explosive blasts and other combat injuries

14. Disabilities  Coma  Vegetative state:  Minimally conscious state: A minimally conscious state is a condition of severely altered consciousness but with some evidence of self-awareness or awareness of one's environment.  Locked-in syndrome: A person in a locked-in state is aware of his or her surroundings and awake, but he or she isn't able to speak or move.  Brain death: When there is no measurable activity in the brain and the brainstem.

15. Classroom Modifications  Minimize extraneous auditory and visual stimulation (use study carrels or room dividers)  Provide preferential seating  Arrange seating to allow for more space between students  Provide small group instruction  Structure student's activities and schedule to limit number of changes and reduce unstructured time  Limit number of persons that the student deals with each day  Provide the student with a written schedule and keep the schedule as consistent as possible  Provide area to keep supplies, books, etc., away from student's work area  Select a classroom buddy