1. GENETIC TRANSFORMATION

2. HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION 1928 – Fredrick Griffth first described transformation  Pneumococcus bacteria (pneumonia) and mice  1944 – Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty identified the “transforming principle” as DNA

4. TRANSFORMATION The transfer of genetic material The transfer of genetic material Discover by Griffith Discover by Griffith Experiment injected mice with disease causing & non-disease causing bacteria Experiment injected mice with disease causing & non-disease causing bacteria Found combination of dead disease bacteria with live non-disease still killed the mice Found combination of dead disease bacteria with live non-disease still killed the mice Later Avery discovered DNA to be the agent Later Avery discovered DNA to be the agent Think: What does this picture show.

8. HISTORY OF TRANSFORMATION 1952 – Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase provided final proof that DNA was the molecule of heredity  1970 – Morton Mandel and Akiko Higa developed a protocol for transforming E. coli bacteria

10. WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION? When a cell takes up and expresses a new piece of genetic material—DNA— in order to change the organism’s traits A gene is a piece of DNA which provides the instructions for making (coding for) a particular protein DNA ProteinTrait

17. WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR? Agricultural  Genes coding for traits such as frost, pest or drought resistance can be genetically transformed into plants

18. WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR? Environmental  Bacteria can be genetically transformed with genes enabling them to digest oil spills or remove pollutants from the environment

19. WHAT IS TRANSFORMATION USED FOR? Medical  Production of human proteins to treat genetic diseases ProteinDisease/Disorder Human insulinDiabetes mellitus Human Growth HormoneDeficiency in children ErythropoietinAnemia DNase ICystic fibrosis Human antibody blockerAsthma

21. WHAT ARE WE DOING? We will transform bacteria ( E. coli ), giving it the ability to make green fluorescent proteins

23. GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN Used in science as a visual marker …  Biological processes (protein production)  Localization and regulation of gene expression  Cell movement  Cell fate during development  Formation of different organs  Marker to identify transgenic organisms

27. DR.AMINA EL SHAIBANY PHG 424