1. BASROC, CONFORM and ADSRs (Part 1) Roger Barlow Scientific Advisory Committee Cockcroft Institute November 1 st 2010

2. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 2/19 BASROC British Accelerator Science and Radiation Oncology Consortium A group from -universities -Institutes -hospitals -industry Goal: Hadron therapy through the nsFFAG. Cockcroft (Liv, Man) John Adams (Oxford) ASTeC etc

3. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 3/19 CONFORM BASROC's first project £8M “Basic Technology” Develop the nsFFAG and build an industry on it - EMMA – already covered - PAMELA - Applications Construction Of a Nonscaling FFAG for Oncology Research and Medicine Project nearly complete (3½ / 4 years) and money all spent.

4. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 4/19 PAMELA Proton and carbon rings Design finalised Prototyping needed for magnets and kickers

5. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 5/19 PAMELA ParticleH+C6+ Ring1 inj1 ref1 extr1 inj1 ref1 extr 2 inj 2 ref2 extr Kin. En./u [MeV]30.95118.382507.839430.97768.357208.749400 Bρ [Tm]0.810 71 1.621422.432130.810711.621422.432134.400926.36971 Ring 1Ring 2 Mean Radius [m]6.2519.3 Cells12 Packing factor0.480.65 Field index, k36.72142 LSS [m]1.45061.1979 SSS[m]0.06280.1266 Magnet length idealised/real [m] 0.3144 / 0.56560.6330 / 1.1395 Orbit exc. [m]0.17600.217 (400 MeV/u) 0.237 (430 MeV/u) Bore size [m]~0.24~0.35

6. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 6/19 Other Proton therapy developments Bid for proton therapy at Manchester shortlisted HO, RB consultants on accelerator selection, and research projects

7. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 7/19 ADSRs: History May 2009 Science Minister Lord Drayson visits Daresbury and learns about ADSRs. Asks for optioneering report on the possibilities for British industry ThorEA compiles report, with help from STFC Report submitted early 2010 Minister requests comments from experts, via STFC and NCE, to Govt Chief Scientist Comments mostly positive but mixed – not enough to get enthusiastic acceptance May 2010 – new government..............

8. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 8/19 http://www.thorea.org/publications/ThoreaReportFinal.pdf “Towards an Alternative Nuclear Future” Put together by Bob Cywinski Available as a physical booklet and on the web

9. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 9/19 Technical content Case for Thorium and ADSRs as sustainable power source providing acceptable nuclear solution to looming energy crisis Proposes 3 stage R & D programme AESIR (Accelerator Energy System with Inbuilt Reliability) LOKI – a 30 mA 35 MeV high reliability proton LINAC – 2 years to develop, cost £40M FREA – add a booster (probably an FFAG) to get to 400 MeV, taking 3 years and £115M THOR – a second booster, taking the energy to 1 GeV, feeding an ADSR core generating 600MW. Total cost £1-2 Bn. Operational by 2025 LOKI and FREA could be built at Daresbury, utilising existing infrastructure.

10. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 10/19 Accelerator Options LOKI + FREA+ THOR Threefold to boost reliabilty if nsFFAGs work LOKI + RCS LOKI + LINAC Consider and evaluate all these options as part of the R&D programme

11. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 11/19 The responses (1) The Accelerator Is now the right time? Aren't you putting too much hope in FFAGs? What about beam losses? Why not do this through international collaboration? Are the dates and costs realistic? These responses, and our answers to them, are contained in the published report

12. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 12/19 The responses (2) The Reactor List 7 positive points (efficiency, abundance, low waste, compatibility, plutonium disposition, non-proliferation, safety (arguably)) And 2 negative points (cost, proliferation) Worries about fuel manipulation and recycling (THOREX) being difficult owing to the 232 U. Proliferation - weapons without the need for an enrichment step(!!). “ In priority space, if the UK was to invest £300m of public money in nuclear R&D, it would yield greater benefits to direct this into the niche areas where the UK has historical capability and can strengthen its role and contribution in Gen IV systems and international work on developing proliferation resistant fuel cycles as part of international shared cost development programmes.”

13. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 13/19 The responses “From the nuclear energy perspective, the appropriate approach is judged to be a watching brief on the technology, and that it should not be a priority area for focus. It may be worthwhile carrying out a further paper assessment of the evidence for this technology.” We have to decide where to take it from here

14. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 14/19 The ADTR  Aker solutions – development of the Energy Amplifier. 600 MW Thorium fuelled ADSR Twin 5 mA 1 GeV Linacs, H + and H -, k=0.995, Boron control rods frequency 704.4 M Hz temperature of 2K 5 cell cavities 3 distinct sections 115 MeV to 192 MeV, β = 0.51 192 MeV to 481 MeV, β = 0.65 481 MeV to 1GeV, β = 0.85

15. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 15/19 Spallation Neutrons on Thorium For 1 GeV proton beams you can (just about) achieve 1 232 Th→ 233 U conversion per incident proton, by suitable arrangement of target rods, reflectors, and general geometry. Conversion of a usable fraction of a rod is possible, but will take hours of exposure. Must consider decays and other reactions as composition changes. Also material stability of the ThO 2 under neutron bombardment and chemical changes: this looks hopeful Simulations done using GEANT4 New classes developed (CB)

16. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 16/19 Targets: more muons from ISIS Studies (AB) show ISIS muon target can give an extra 40% surface muons, and catch around 50% more Also shows that proton energy for maximum surface muons is 500 MeV, not 800+

17. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 17/19 The search for CP violation in neutrinos Neutrino Oscillations depend on L/E Fix E, vary L, the source-detector distance Detector is massive. Build several sources at: 20, 8, 1.5 km 1 mA protons,stopping muons, and look for ν μ → ν e “The design utilizes low-cost, high-power proton accelerators under development for commercial uses.” That means stacked cyclotrons – or FFAGs HO+RB in Collaboration Also Morgan Wascko (IC)

18. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 18/19 PRISM Phase Rotated Intense Slow Muon source The ultimate μ→e conversion experiment. Range down to 10 -18. 68 MeV.c but takes muons with 20% momentum spread and reduces it to 2% by an FFAG which rotates the phase. Time spread 20-200 ns. Essentially zero background Cockcroft involved in 'PRISM task force'

19. 1 st November 2010 Roger Barlow: Cockcroft SAC Slide 19/19 10/12/10Roger Barlow: ADSRs19 Conclusions Protons & FFAG PRISM Neutrino factory PAMELA Hadron therapy ADSR Thorium Power targets