1. Mass Society and Democracy 1870-1914

2. The Second Industrial Revolution-New Products  New Products Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Telephone Radio waves Streetcars/Subways Internal-combustion engine

3. The Second Industrial Revolution-New Patterns  New Patterns Better wages for workers Invention of the assembly line-led to mass production First department stores

4. The Working Class  Reformers Wanted a new kind of society with better benefits for workers  Karl Marx Appalled at the horrible conditions in factories Blamed these conditions on capitalism Felt that a dictatorship should be formed to organize and control the means of production Would later be the basis for socialism

5. The New Urban Environment  Growth of Urban Populations Vast migration to cities  Improvements in Public Health and Sanitation Crowded living conditions and poor sanitation bred disease Public boards of health aimed to improve the quality of living Clean water and effective sewage systems were also a key concern of the period.

6. Social Structure  The New Elite Most successful industrialists, bankers, merchants Became leaders in government and military  The Middle Class Included lawyers, doctors, business managers Believed in hard work, which was open to everyone  The Working Class Made up almost 80% of European population Skilled artisans, semi-skilled laborers, unskilled day laborers

7. Women’s Experiences  New Job Opportunities Began working in factories Could also be secretaries, telephone operators, teachers  Marriage Marriage remained an important institution Birth-rate declined as economy improved and birth control became available  Family Middle class families fostered togetherness Working class women spent little time with their family  Women’s Rights Movement for women’s rights had it beginnings during this period Fought for property rights Women also begin to fight for suffrage, the right to vote

8. Education and Leisure  Public Education Began because factories needed skilled, trained workers Better-educated voters were also needed Immediate result was an increase in literacy  New Forms of Leisure Amusement parks Dance halls Team sports

9. Changes in Culture  Literature Realistic literature that addressed social problems  Painting Impressionism  Monet Post impressionism  Van Gogh  Architecture Functionalism: Buildings should be functional  Music Expressive sounds and bold rhytems