1. Rolling mill

2. Introduction to Rolling
Rolling is a bulk deformation process in which the thickness of the work is reduced by compressive forces exerted by two opposing rolls. The rolls rotate to pull and simultaneously squeeze the work between them.
Two High Rolling Mill

3. Introduction to Rolling
The basic process shown in the previous figure is “Flat Rolling”, used to reduce the thickness of a rectangular cross section. A closely related process is “shape rolling”, in which a square cross section is formed into a shape such as an I-beam.
Shape Rolling
Flat Rolling
Two High Rolling Mill

4. Introduction to Rolling
After casting, ingots are rolled into one of three intermediate shapes called blooms, billets, and slabs:
Blooms have square cross section 6” x 6” or larger. They are rolled into structural shapes.
Billets have square cross section 1.5” x 1.5” or larger. they are rolled into bars and rods.
Slabs have rectangular cross section 10” x 1.5” or larger. They are rolled into plates, sheets and strips.
Two High Rolling Mill

5. Introduction to Rolling
As any other metal forming process, rolling can be performed hot (hot rolling) or cold (cold rolling).
Most rolling is carried out by hot rolling, owing to the large amount of deformation required.
Hot-rolled metal is generally free of residual stresses, and has isotropic properties. On the other hand, it does not have close dimensional tolerances, and the surface has a characteristic oxide scale. Moreover, cold rolled metals are stronger.
Two High Rolling Mill

6. Types of Rolling Based on work piece geometry :
Flat rolling - used to reduce thickness of a rectangular cross section
Shape rolling - square cross section is formed into a shape such as an I‑beam
Based on work temperature :
Hot Rolling – most common due to the large amount of deformation required
Cold rolling – produces finished sheet and plate stock
Two High Rolling Mill

7. The Rolls Rotating rolls perform two main functions:
Pull the work into the gap between them by friction between work part and rolls.
Simultaneously squeeze the work to reduce its cross section.
Two High Rolling Mill

8. Roll configurations in rolling mills
Two High Rolling Mill.
Two High Rolling Mill

9. Roll configurations in rolling mills
Three High Rolling Mill.
Two High Rolling Mill

10. Roll configurations in rolling mills
Four High Rolling Mill.
Two High Rolling Mill

11. Roll configurations in rolling mills
Multiple backing rolls allow even smaller roll diameters
Cluster Rolling Mill.
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12. Roll configurations in rolling mills
A series of rolling stands in sequence
Tandem Rolling Mill.
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13. Production steps in rolling
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14. Change in grains structure in rolling
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15. % reduction = % r = (d/ to) * 100%
Rolling analysis
In flat rolling, the work is squeezed between two rolls so that its thickness is reduced by an amount called the draft:
d = to - tf
where
d: draft
to: starting thickness
tf : final thickness
As a fraction of the starting thickness:
% reduction = % r = (d/ to) * 100%
Two High Rolling Mill

16. Rolling analysis
Rolling increases work width. This is called “spreading”.
Spreading is expected because of the volume constancy in plastic deformation. Since the material is compressed in the thickness direction, both the length and width will increase provided that the material is not constrained in the width direction.
Spreading is more pronounced with low width-to-thickness ratios and low coefficients of friction, since there is small resistance to flow in the width direction.
Two High Rolling Mill

17. w/t Ratio = initial width/ initial thickness
Rolling analysis
The width-to-thickness ratio can be calculated as follows:
w/t Ratio = initial width/ initial thickness
After rolling, percentage spread can be calculated as follows:
% Spread = (Final width-initial width)/ (initial width) *100%
Two High Rolling Mill

18. Rolling analysis
To calculate the roll force required to maintain separation between the two rolls:
F = 1.15 * Yavg, i * Li * wi
where:
F : roll force
Yavg, i : the average flow stress in the ith pass
Li : the approximate contact length in the ith pass
wi : the width of the sheet in the ith pass
Two High Rolling Mill

19. Rolling analysis The torque in rolling can be estimated by:
T = 0.5 * F * L
Where:
T: Torque (lb.in or N.m)
F: Roll Force
L: Contact length
The Power required to drive the two rolls
is calculated as follows:
P = 2π*N*F*L
P: Power (in J/s =Watt or in-lb/min)
N: Rolls rotational speed (RPM)
Two High Rolling Mill

20. Rolling Defects
Defects in rolling may be either surface or structural defects:
Surface defects include scale and roll marks.
Structural defects (see next figure) include:
Wavy edges: bending of the rolls causes the sheet to be thinner at the edges, which tend to elongate more. Since the edges are restricted by the material at the center, they tend to wrinkle and form wavy edges.
2. Center and edge cracks: caused by low material ductility and barreling of the edges.
3. Alligatoring: results from inhomogeneous deformation or defects in the original cast ingots.
Other defects may includes residual stresses (in some cases residual stresses are desirable).
Two High Rolling Mill

21. Rolling Defects Structural defects in sheet rolling:
Wavy Edges Center cracking Edge cracking Alligatoring
Two High Rolling Mill

22. A rolling mill for hot flat rolling
A rolling mill for hot flat rolling. The steel plate is seen as the glowing strip in lower left corner (photo courtesy of Bethlehem Steel).
Two High Rolling Mill