1. Automatic online control of motor adjustments -P NANDHA KUMAR

2. Overview  There exists an automatic online process for reaching and grasping  Understanding a simple event such as pointing at a moving object requires a thorough understanding of various control systems in the human body  Movement execution in humans can be studied through various processes

3. Movement Execution  Key contribution by Marc Jeannerod  Estimation of hand position relies mostly on visual rather than proprioceptive feedback Movement execution Pre-planned phase Final Corrective phase

4. Saccadic Suppression  The natural sequence of pointing at an object is an eye saccade with average latency of 200ms followed 50-100ms later by limb movement  During orientation the nervous system partly inhibits further transient retinal signals  It was observed that when the target was slightly displaced at the onset of orienting saccade, the subject was unable to report the displacement but were still able to point at it correctly

5. Motor Oriented Visual stream  Jeannerod identified two different visual streams, a ventral stream for perception and a dorsal stream for action  This idea is empirically supported

6. Modules for online correction and reaching  The modules in the brain (regions) for online control and for reaching have been identified individually.  However the relation between these two is still a matter of debate

7. Unaware double-step pointing paradigm  Method to investigate natural control of planned movement after initiation i. Amplitude double step - A real time psychophysical problem is given - The target jumps were randomly missed with the no jumps and hand vision was suppressed at onset of hand movement. -The experimental setup is explained in the following slide

8. Setup for the experiments

9. Results of the experiment I. No subject was able to report a target jump II. Saccadic gain remained unchanged III. Hand endpoint shifted in direction of target displacement

10. Directional double step  The previous experiment is now performed with visual feedback of the hand.  The results concur with the previous one. Subjects never detected any target movement

11. Reach-to-grasp  Various experiments and clinical studies indicate a critical role of the PPC (Posterior Parietal Cortex) in production of fast, automatic adjustments of on-going limb responses and in reach to grasp movements  The experimental findings are as follows

13. Rehabilitation Perspective  Mostly useful for patients with Hemiparesis ( weakness of the entire left or right side of the body)  The stimulation of the automatic visuo-motor pathway can preserve muscular activity in such patients  A less effortful way for recovery of hand movements following frontal lobe damage can be found.

14. Further possible research  The direct electrophysiological counterparts of the discussed processes have to be recorded using real-time EEG or MEG methods or cell recording in primates.

15. Thank you