1. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry

2. Value of knowing the quality of grains: Targets for the Pork CRC John Black Pork CRC subprogram 1b coordinator

3. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains

4. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains & It pays to know the difference

5. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Premium Grains for Livestock Program Large project funded by GRDC & animal R&D Organisations (including APL) and Ridley Agriproducts Aim: to develop a rational basis for trading grains for livestock based on an understanding of why grains have different quality for different animal types and rapid measurement of that quality Over 3300 cereal grains collected with ~ 200 fed to animals (pigs, broilers, layers, sheep & cattle)

6. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Energy value of grains for animals Cereal grains are fed to livestock as a source of energy –Available (digestible energy) content (MJ/kg) –Intake (kg/d) influenced by rate of passage –Available energy intake (MJ/d) – total energy available for production Available energy expressed as: DE for pigs, but proportion digested in small intestines is important for determining total energy available

7. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 1 Grains vary widely in DE Range in DE (MJ/kg DM) for pigs WheatBarleyTriticale Sorghum 12.4-15.0 10.6-14.712.3-16.5 15.5-16.6 Variation in DE 3-4 MJ/kg; less for sorghum Sorghum has highest DE

8. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 1 Grains vary widely in DE NIR predicted DE for pigs – Barley ABB 2005-062004-05 Range 11.8-13.5 1 MJ/kg worth $14-18/t

9. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 2 Grains vary widely in intake Wheat cultivar DE (MJ/kg) Intake (g/d) Currawong14.96 a 389 a Dollarbird 14.51 b 537 b Rosella14.49 b 551 b Thriller14.39 b 691 c Lawson14.87 ab 691 c Cadogan et al 1999

10. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 3 No correlation between DE and intake Different grain characteristics determine digestibility & intake

11. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 3 No correlation between DE and intake

12. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 4 Individual grains best suited to different animal types

13. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Barley (20X)Wheat (20X) Barley and Wheat micrographs

14. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 4 Individual grains best suited to different animal types Wheat Sorghum Pigs Broilers Pigs Broilers Ileal DE 12.9 13.1 13.0 16.1 Faecal DE/AME 15.8 13.2 16.4 15.9 Ileal/faecal 0.84 0.99 0.85 1.01 Pigs digest more energy from wheat in the hind-gut Broilers digest more energy from sorghum in small intestine (SI) Opportunity to increase digestion of sorghum in SI of pigs

15. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Protein Matrix Sorghum

16. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Grains ain’t Grains - 5 Grains differ in effects of processing Need to understand reasons for differences

17. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Can the energy value of grains be measured rapidly? Yes!! Using NIR calibrations

18. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Predicting the energy value of grains PGLP - NIR calibrations for DE

19. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1b 1. Refine NIR calibrations for predicting the quality of grains for pigs (available energy content (MJ/kg) faecal & ileal, DE intake, growth and FCR) Cereal grains (wheat, barley, triticale & sorghum) Use ileal, faecal digestion trials & separate intake and growth trials with young pigs Grains selected from sub-program 1a & other sources; special attention to sorghum cultivars & performance compared with wheat

20. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Research strategies for Pork CRC sub program 1b 2. Develop processing methods for improving the utilisation of feed ingredients by pigs Examine PGLP grains showing wide variation using a range of diagnostic tools (Microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, solid state NMR, X-ray diffraction, particle sizing, RVA, DCS, invitro amylase etc.) Use a laboratory model of pig digestion for screening grains and processing techniques Special attention to sorghum breaking γ-kafirin bonds (chemical, physical, enzymic, genetic enzyme production) Small scale processing & screening Pig digestion trials Commercial processing trials & commercialisation

21. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry Micrwaved sorghum

22. CRC for an Internationally Competitive Pork Industry