1. 3.3-3.4 Universal Law of Gravitation and Planetary orbits

2. More of Newton’s observations By observation of the motion of planetary bodies, Newton formulated the behaviour of gravity between two objects Planets maintained circular orbits around the sun, suggesting that the sun generated gravity to keep them there But the discovery of moons around other planets also illustrated that planets had a gravitational pull

3. I pull you, pull me? This suggested that objects affected each other The larger mass of the sun and its ability to override the gravitational pull of the earth suggested that the gravitational pull of an object was dependent on the mass of the object involved

4. The famous apple It is suggested that the famous apple that started it all might have led Newton to consider the consequences of gravity at large distances If gravity could cause an apple to fall from a shorter branch, and taller ones above it – could it affect other objects much further away – like the moon?

5. Newton’s cannon Newton considered what would happen if a cannon were to fire consecutively faster cannonballs There would be a point where the cannonball would move fast enough to curve away from the falling projectile

6. Orbit away The cannonball would be put into orbit Newton drew from the mathematical work of another famous astronomer, Keppler, in order to derive the Universal Law of Gravitation

7. What are we looking at? Newton realized that this could occur ANYWHERE and with ANYTHING that possessed mass Hence the term “universal” in the name Gravity between two objects follows Newton’s third law of motion: the pull on one object is matched equally but in the opposite direction on the other mass

8. Diagrammatically… R = distance between centre of masses m1m1 m2m2 F m 1 on m 2 F m 2 on m 1

9. Force is dependent on: Both mass 1 and mass 2 Distance between masses Therefore: F = Gm 1 m 2 r 2 Where: G = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm 2 /kg 2

10. Technically when you look at orbiting planets… Planetary motion is not a perfect circle; in fact it is elliptical But for the questions we will be dealing with, we assume uniform circular motion