1. What does Height Really Mean?

2. How We Measure Height Heights are generally measured against one of two different reference frames (datums). 1.Gravity (geopotential height) 2.Ellipsoid (ellipsoid height) These heights are not interchangeable. Without site specific gravitation measurements no transformation between them. Orthometric Height

3. Ellipsoid Height (I know these pictures are spheroids but they look good!) Height above a mathematical surface Simple, cost effective, time invariant reference surface Geocentric Datum: Regularly used for height measurements particularly by GPS devices Local Datum: Not generally used for height measurements

4. Geoid in Height Measurements Initially Mean Sea Level used as the reference surface Discovery that MSL is not the same height in all places Requirement to find a new reference surface…. Geoid Geoid is “the equipotential surface of the Earth’s gravity field that nominally defines mean sea level” Meyer et al. 2005. Geoid is perpendicular to gravity at all points Traditional measurement techniques (e.g. levelling) are heights above this surface

5. Relating Ellipsoid Height to Orthometric Height h = H + N Important to note that h and N are reference ellipsoid specific In Australia the value of N can be obtained from AUSGeoid98 GPS heights less the value of N provide the orthometric height This technique is referred to as GPS levelling Not yet regarded as being as accurate as traditional levelling

6. Why don’t we just use GPS heights? Reference Ellipsoid lacks the subtle variation of the geoid  Water flowing uphill GPS levelling will improve as geoid models improve (sampling at a finer spatial resolution) If everyone used the same reference ellipsoid and it did not change, isn’t that enough? 60% of GPS users do not come from a surveying background. (Waite 2005) Why should they doubt height readings from their GPS device. Answer to these problems: Real time correction for orthometric height within GPS devices. (Connectivity)

7. Questions? http://earth.usc.edu/~geol150/variability/orbitalchanges.html http://137.122.126.164/website/zoran_reljic/idex/portfolio.html Meyer, Thomas H.; Roman, Daniel R.; Zilkoski, David B. (2005) What does height really mean? Part II: Physics and Gravity, Surveying and Land Information Science, 65(1), pp. 5-15. Waite, Lucan (2005) Geoid Modelling, Survey Quarterly, 43 pp. 17-18. REFERENCES