1. The Rock Cycle

2. The Rock Cycle Igneous Rock Magma Sediment Sedimentary Rock
Weathering & Erosion
Cooling
Magma
Melting
Sediment
Heat, Pressure and/or Chemical Fluids
Melting
Weathering & Erosion
Cementation & Compaction
Melting
Sedimentary Rock
Metamorphic Rock
Heat, Pressure and/or Chemical Fluids

3. THREE TYPES OF ROCKS Sedimentary Rocks: Igneous Rocks:
Formed in layers, the result of accumulated sediments that have been compressed together.
Igneous Rocks:
Formed from the cooling of molten rock.
Metamorphic Rocks:
Formed from older "parent" rock (either igneous or sedimentary) under intense heat and/or pressure.

4. Sediment
When all types of rock erode over time, sediment is formed: sand, clay, stones, etc.

5. Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rock is formed by sediment (sand, silt, gravel…) compacted together.
Below: Sandstone from P.E.I.
Right: Conglomerate in St-John’s, Newfoundland

6. Cementation & Compaction
400 million years ago, sediment was deposited at the bottom of the Champlain Sea that once covered Ottawa. It was later compacted & compressed to form limestone & sandstone.
If you go to Hog’s Back, you will notice the ripple marks that were made by the ancient waves.

7. Layering
As you see here, layering is a common feature of sedimentary rocks.

8. Igneous Rock
Igneous rock is molten rock (magma or lava) that has solidified.
Here are two pieces of granite. As the magma cooled down, it crystallized forming granite.
The size of the crystals is determined by the cooling period. The longer the cooling period, the larger the crystals are.

9. Another example
Obsidian is the result of volcanic lava coming in contact with water. Often the lava pours into a lake or ocean and is cooled quickly. This process produces a glassy texture in the resulting rock, avoiding the crystalline texture as in granite.
Iron and magnesium give the obsidian a dark green to black colour.

10. Agents of Metamorphism
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism means "changed form".
Agents of Metamorphism
Changes occur because of:
Heat
Pressure
Chemical fluids
Slate
Marble

11. Metamorphism
Gneiss rocks are metamorphic. These rocks may have been granite, which is an igneous rock, but heat and pressure changed it. You can see how the mineral grains in the rock were flattened through tremendous heat and pressure and are arranged in alternating patterns.
Granite
Gneiss - (pronounced "nice") - a banded or striped rock with alternating layers of dark and light minerals. The dark layers commonly contain biotite, and the light layers commonly contain quartz and feldspar.