1. LI 2023 NATHALIE F. MARTIN L ANGUAGE A CQUISITION

2. References References:  Language files (7th ed). Cipollone, Keiser & Vasishth  Contemporary Linguistic Analysis (5th ed) O’Grady & Archibald  http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/l ing001/acquisition.html http://www.ling.upenn.edu/courses/l ing001/acquisition.html

3. Introduction Language acquisition is the process by which the language capability _________ in a human. First language acquisition concerns the development of language in _________, while second language acquisition focuses on language development in _________ as well

4. Introduction Opinion According to you, what does a child need to learn in order to “know” his or her language?

5. 1. Innateness Theory 2. Imitation Theory 3. Reinforcement Theory 4. Interactionist Theory (or Constructivism) Three general theories of language acquisition:

6. Introduction Opinion According to you, how does a child learn a language?

7. Theories of language acquisition I NNATENESS T HEORY Children have the _________ _____ to differentiate phonemes, extract words from the stream of language, and process grammar. Rowe & Levine (2012). A Concise Introduction to Linguistics, p.237.

8. Theories of language acquisition I MITATION T HEORY Children learn grammar by _________ the words and sentences of their language Problems with this theory:  Children produce many things that are not found in _________ _________  Children make consistent ______ that cannot be attributed to mispronunciation and which still are not ever heard in the adult grammar.  Children can produce and understand _________ _____

9. Theories of language acquisition R EINFORCEMENT T HEORY Children learn to speak like adults because they are taught to do so:  Through _________ and _________ when speaking “correctly”.  Through _________ when making “mistakes” Problems with this theory:  Adults don't seem to correct children's grammar as much as we might think, neither do they praise them for using proper adult grammatical constructions.  There is little evidence that reinforcement has any great effect on the language development of the child

10. Theories of language acquisition I NTERACTIONIST T HEORY Children "invent" the rules of grammar for themselves  Though it is based on the _________ _________  Innate ability to _________ _________ Only approach that explains how children  Produce _________ _________  Ex: Past tense - goed* or hitted*  Generate _________ ______ that they have never heard  Seem almost impervious to correction from adults

11. Theories of language acquisition I NTERACTIONIST T HEORY Irregular verbs acquisition - Past tense:  Children acquire some irregular past tense forms quite early through memorization  Then the child starts to notice a general “rule” for past tense formation  This results in ______________ (ex: goed*)  Finally the child realizes that “went” is an _________

12. Phonetic development Phonological development Morphological development Syntactic development Semantic development Aspects of Language Acquisition

13. She Sure Knows a Lot About Language !!! http://vimeo.com/16404771

14. Introduction Questions What does one need to learn in order to learn a language? When do you think an individual begins learning language?

15. Acquisition: PHONETICS

16. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition Beginning to learn language involves:  Learning how to _________ the necessary speech sounds  Learning to _________ make sense of the speech sounds  Ex: Figuring out what are the phones & _________ of one's language

17. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Production

18. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition In the womb:  Perception of ________ ________  ________(rhythm and intonation) From birth:  Perception  ________ Six months of age:  ________ stage

19. Vocalization (Cooing) For an example of a baby vocalization/cooing: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKu_rUsIPHM &feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bKu_rUsIPHM &feature=related

20. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition Babbling is a stage when babies:  Produce ________ sequences of ________ ________  Practices the difficult sequences of ________ gestures (jaw and tongue and velum movement, along with voicing control)  Example:  Repeating CV syllables (mama, papa) * At this stage there is no clear association between babbling and meaning Contemporary Linguistics : p.313

21. Babbling For an example of babbling:  Vowels:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DDZbQ_ OJWw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DDZbQ_ OJWw  Syllables:  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqUTJAf y48&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RqUTJAf y48&feature=related  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZw2Nsqk FBo&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NZw2Nsqk FBo&feature=related

22. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition

23. Difficult sounds Analysis Why do you think certain sounds are easier to produce for children? What makes a sound hard to pronounce? What about allophones?

24. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition Handout

25. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonetic Acquisition

26. Developmental order in babbling:  Generally ________ before ________  ________ before other consonants  _______before alveolar, velar and alveopalatals  Lastly ________  Perception of phonemic contrast begins in word- initial position Contemporary Linguistics : p.314...

27. Acquisition: PHONOLOGY

28. Experiments on Babies Research on how infants acquire language in a video featuring Toby Mintz, associate professor of psychology and linguistics at the USC College of Letters, Arts & Sciences, and USC College undergraduate Ashlee Welday. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mZAuZ--Yeqo

29. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonological Acquisition 18 months:  Link between sound and _________  Memorizes single words as chunks and not pay much attention to _________ differences  Ex: doesn’t necessarily understand that /b/ and /d/ are different phonemes in English

30. Aspects of Language Acquisition Phonological Acquisition Later phonological acquisition:  Perception of phonemic _________  Perception of CV & _____________ structure  Understanding of _________  Babies naturally delete unstressed syllables in words. For example: “nana” [nAny] for “banana” [benAny]

31. 1. SYLLABLE DELETION: 2. SYLLABLE SIMPLIFICATION: 3. SUBSTITUTION: 4. ASSIMILATION: 5. MAINTENANCE OF THE SAME CONSONANT/VOWEL Acquisition: Early Phonetic Processes

32. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes Syllable deletion:  Telephone / ˈ t ɛ l ə ˌ fo ʊ n/ - /fo ʊ /  Helicopter / ˈ h ɛ l ɪˌ k ɒ pt ə r/ - / ɛ lk ɒ t/ Syllable simplification:  Stop /st ɒ p/ - /t ɒ p/  Small /sm ɔ l/ - /m ɔ /

33. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes Substitution:  Sing / s ɪ ŋ / - / t ɪ ŋ /  Shoes / ʃ uz / - / tud /  Ship / ʃɪ p / - / s ɪ p /  Look / l ʊ k / - / w ʊ k /  Jam / d ʒ æm / - / dæb /

34. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes Assimilation:  Tell / t ɛ l / - / d ɛ l /  Pig / p ɪ g / - / b ɪ g / Maintenance of the same consonant/vowel  Doggy / ˈ d ɒ gi / - / ˈ d ɒ di / or / ˈ g ɒ gi /  Baby / ˈ be ɪ bi / - / ˈ bibi /

35. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes Charlie / ˈ t ʃɑ rli / - / ˈ t ʃɑ :li / http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_OBlgSz8sSM

36. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes All / ɔ l / - / ɔ / The / ð ə / - / ə / Time / ta ɪ m / http:// http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8aprCNnecU

37. Aspects of Language Acquisition Early Phonetic Processes http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=endscreen&NR=1&v=E8aprCNnecU  Thought / θ ɔ t / - / t ɔ t /  Saw/ s ɔ / - / t ɔ /  Pussy / ˈ p ʊ si / - / ˈ p ʊ di /  Cat / kæt / - / tæt /

38. Acquisition: VOCABULARY & SEMANTICS

39. Aspects of Language Acquisition Semantic Acquisition Semantic acquisition is how children acquire _________ & _________ Children need to learn:  Nouns (Concrete vs. abstract)  Verbs  Adjectives  Pronouns  Articles  Etc. Contemporary Linguistics : p.317...

40. Aspects of Language Acquisition Semantic Acquisition To learn word meaning children basically have to make guesses about what words mean Example …

41. Aspects of Language Acquisition Semantic Acquisition For example: A child is exposed, for example, to a poodle in the street and sees mommy or daddy point to it and say "doggie". Even if the kid associates "doggie" with that object, there are a number of routes that the child can logically take. The child might see a squirrel and say, "doggie", clearly having taken the word "doggie" to mean something more general that it does in the adult grammar. Or, the child might see a dog, say a “labrador”, and not say anything, failing to associate the word "doggie" with anything beyond poodle-ness. This trial and error process seems to be how children acquire word meanings.

42. Aspects of Language Acquisition Semantic Acquisition Overgeneralizations (or overextensions):  Overgeneralizations are cases in which a child gives a word a ____________ ____________ that it has in the adult grammar  E.g. Using the word "fly" to include specks of dirt, dust, small insects, and bread crumbs Contemporary Linguistics : p.320

43. Aspects of Language Acquisition Semantic Acquisition Underextensions:  Underextensions have the opposite effect. In this case, it might help to think of them as cases in which the child is being ____ ________  E.g. A child who calls “a ball” “a ball” only when it is under the sofa  E.g. Underextended the word "fruit" as to exclude olives Contemporary Linguistics : p.320

44. KIDS SAY THE DARNDEST THINGS !!! My cousin's daughter looked at my feet the other day and saw the state of my torn shoes. She looked over to her mother and said: "Mommy, look. She had broken feet!“  Classic example of overextension of “feet” :)

45. Language Acquisition Vovabulary Acquisition

46. Acquisition: MORPHOLOGY

47. Introduction Example of Child’s Speech CHILD: My teacher holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. ADULT: Did you say your teacher held the baby rabbits. CHILD: Yes. ADULT: What did you say she did? CHILD: She holded the baby rabbits and we patted them. ADULT: Did you say she held them tightly? CHILD: No, she holded them loosely.

48. Aspects of Language Acquisition Morphological Acquisition Plurals:  Plural suffix is acquired __  Then there is overgeneralization as the child is building a grammar  (Ex: sheeps, foots)

49. Aspects of Language Acquisition Morphological Acquisition

50. Suffixes Example: Church kids Aspects of Language Acquisition Morphological Acquisition

51. Acquisition: SYNTAX

52. Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition Holophrastic stage (12 to 18 months):  The stage where children use a ________ to express a whole ____________ (i.e. one-word sentences)  They will use sentence intonation to show that they are asking a question or expressing surprise

53. Two-word stage (18-24 months):  This stage tends to combine important words with crucial semantic relationships  Examples:  agent + action = baby sleep  action + agent = kick ball  action + locative = sit chair (locative means something that locates an action or entity)  entity + locative = teddy bed  possessor + possession = Mommy book  entity + attribute = block red  demonstrative + entity = this shoe Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition

54. After the two word stage:  There isn't really a three word stage  The child then:  Gradually starts to move beyond just using ____________ (like nouns and adjective and verbs without the inflected endings)  Begin to acquire ____________ like inflectional affixes Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition

55. Telegraphic stage (24-30 months)  Is called telegraphic because has the same format as a telegraph The stage in a child’s language acquisition in which children’s utterances are ____________ than two words but lack bound morphemes and most functional categories

56. Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition Examples of telegraphic stage:  "I can see a cow" repeated as "See cow" (Eve at 25 months)  "The doggy will bite" repeated as "Doggy bite" (Adam at 28 months)  Kathryn no like celery (Kathryn at 22 months)  Baby doll ride truck (Allison at 22 months)  Pig say oink (Claire at 25 months)  Want lady get chocolate (Daniel at 23 months)  "Where does Daddy go?" repeated as "Daddy go?" (Daniel at 23 months)  "Car going?" to mean "Where is the car going?" (Jem at 21 months)

57. Order of acquisition of negatives  Negating a sentence with “no” in front  E.g. “No I drink juice“  Inserting negative words in their sentences  E.g. "baby no sleep" or "baby can't drink“  Consciousness of the fact that words like "don't“, "can't" and "won't“ morphologically complex (ex: don’t = do not)  Use of words like "anybody" and "anything"  "I don't want anything" instead of "I don't want something" Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition

58. Order of acquisition of interrogatives :  Using of rising intonation  E.g. more milk?, Mommy go?  Using auxiliaries in yes-no questions  E.g. “Can I have more?"  Using “Wh-questions” & inversion  E.g. "Mommy, why you are mad?" instead of "Mommy, why are you mad?" Aspects of Language Acquisition Syntactic Acquisition

59. http:// http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8aprCNnecU