1. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 1 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program. Chapter 6 Chapter 6 Development Over the Lifespan

2. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 2 Developmental Psychology Developmental psychology – The psychology study of growth, change, and consistency through the lifespan. Examines these changes from multiple perspectives Physical Emotional Cognitive Sociocultural Examines how both heredity and environment influence these changes

3. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 3 The Nature-Nurture Interaction Nature-nurture controversy – Long-standing dispute over relative importance of nature (heredity) and nurture (environment) in their influence on behavior and mental processes e.g., ADHD-genetic component vs. environmental causes

4. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 4 The Nature-Nurture Interaction Twin studies – Developmental investigations in which twins, especially identical twins, are compared in the search for genetic and environmental effects

5. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 5 The Nature-Nurture Interaction Adoption studies – Studies in which the adopted child’s characteristics are compared to those of the biological family and the adoptive family

6. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 6 What Innate Abilities Does the Infant Possess? Newborns have innate abilities for finding nourishment, avoiding designed to facilitate survival.

7. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 7 Prenatal Development Prenatal period – The developmental period before birth Zygote Embryo Fetus Placenta – An organ that develops between the embryo/fetus and the mother Teratogens – Toxic substances that can damage the developing organism

8. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 8 Neonatal Period (from birth to one month) Sensory abilities visual and auditory preferences Social abilities mirror neurons Innate reflexes Postural reflex Grasping reflex Rooting reflex Stepping reflex

9. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 9 Infancy (from one month to about 18 months) Neural Development sensitive periods brain development Synaptic pruning Maturation – The unfolding of genetically programmed processes of growth and development over time

10. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 10 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth

11. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 11 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Responds to sound Becomes quiet when picked up Vocalizes occasionally Birth 1 mo.

12. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 12 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Smiles socially Recognizes mother Rolls from side to back Lifts head and holds it erect and steady Birth1 mo. 2 mo.

13. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 13 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Vocalizes to the smiles and talk of an adult Searches for source of sound Sits with support, head steady Birth1 mo.2 mo. 3 mo.

14. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 14 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Gaze follows dangling ring, vanishing spoon, and ball moved across table Sits with slight support Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo. 4 mo.

15. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 15 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Discriminates strangers from familiar persons Turns from back to side Makes distinctive vocalizations Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo. 5 mo.

16. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 16 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Lifts cup and bangs it Smiles at mirror image Reaches for small object Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo. 6 mo.

17. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 17 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Makes playful responses to mirror Sits alone steadily Crawls Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo.

18. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 18 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Vocalizes up to four different syllables Listens selectively to familiar words Pulls to standing position Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo. 8 mo.

19. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 19 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo.8 mo. 9 mo.

20. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 20 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Plays pat-a-cake Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo.8 mo.9 mo. 10 mo.

21. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 21 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Stands alone Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo.8 mo.9 mo.10 mo. 11 mo.

22. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 22 Maturation Timetable for Locomotion Walks alone Birth1 mo.2 mo.3 mo.4 mo.5 mo.6 mo. 7 mo.8 mo.9 mo.10 mo.11 mo. 1 year

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24. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 24 Infancy (from one month to about 18 months) Contact comfort-physical contact Harlow (1965)- the stimulation and reassurance derived from physical touch Field (1986)-message for premature babies Attachment-emotional relationship between child and parent Lorenz-imprinting Bowlby (1969)-human attachment is innate Ainsworth (1989)-attachment style Secure attachment Anxious-ambivalent attachment Avoidant attachment

25. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 25 What Are the Developmental Tasks of Childhood? Nature and nurture work together to help children master important developmental tasks in the areas of language, acquisition, cognitive development, and development of social relationships

26. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 26 How Children Acquire Language Innateness theory of language – Children learn language mainly by following an inborn program for acquiring vocabulary and grammar Language acquisition device (LAD) – Structure in the brain innately programmed with some of the fundamental rules of grammar

27. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 27 How Children Acquire Language Babbling stage Vocabulary and grammar One-word stage Two-word stage Telegraphic speech (short, simple sentences) Morphemes (meaningful units of language that make up words) Overregularization (e.g. using “hitted” and “feets”)

28. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 28 How Children Acquire Language Other language skills Social rules of conversation (e.g., listening) Abstract words (e.g. hope, truth)

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30. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 30 Cognitive Development Cognitive development – The process by which mental abilities change over time Piaget’s stage theory- Schemas – mental structures that guide your interpretation of concepts and events

31. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 31 Accommodation – Mental process that modifies schemas in order to accommodate new information Cognitive Development Assimilation – Mental process that incorporates new information into existing schemas

32. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 32 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational

33. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 33 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational Birth to about age 2 Child relies heavily on innate motor responses to stimuli Sensorimotor intelligence Mental representations Object permanence

34. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 34 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational About age 2 to age 6 or 7 Marked by well- developed mental representation and the use of language Egocentrism Animalistic thinking Centration irreversibility

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36. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 36 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational About age 7 to about age 11 Child understands conservation but is incapable of abstract thought Conservation Mental operations

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38. 38 Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational From about age 12 on Abstract thought appears

39. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 39 Social and Emotional Development Temperament – An individual’s inherited, “wired-in” pattern of personality and behavior Socialization – The lifelong process of shaping an individual’s behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes and motives to conform to those regarded as desirable in a particular society

40. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 40 Authoritarian parents Authoritative parents Permissive parents Uninvolved parents Social and Emotional Development Most approaches to child rearing fall into one of the following four styles:

41. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 41 Social and Emotional Development Other factors influencing a child’s development may include: Effects of day care Leisure influences Gender

42. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 42 Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages Age/Period Principal Challenge 0 to 1 1/2 years Trust vs. mistrust 1 1/2 to 3 years Autonomy vs. self doubt 3 to 6 years Initiative vs. guilt 6 years to puberty Industry vs. inferiority Adolescence Identity vs. role confusion Early adulthood Intimacy vs. isolation Middle adulthood Generativity vs. stagnation Late adulthood Ego-integrity vs. despair

43. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 43 What Changes Mark the Transition of Adolescence? Adolescence offers new developmental challenges growing out of physical changes, cognitive changes, and socioemotional changes

44. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 44 The Transitions of Adolescence Adolescence – Developmental period beginning at puberty and ending at adulthood Rites of passage – Social rituals that usually take place at about the time of puberty and serve as a public acknowledgement of the transition from childhood to adulthood

45. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 45 Menarche – Onset of menstruation, which signals puberty in girls Around puberty, boys and girls become more aware of their physical attractiveness Physical Maturation in Adolescence Puberty – Onset of sexual maturity

46. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 46 Masturbation Sexual Orientation Sexual Issues in Adolescence Sexual issues in adolescence often include the following:

47. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 47 Hormones rise to high levels The frontal lobes undergo a “remodel” Processes information through the amygdala rather than frontal cortex This leads to sensation seeking and risk taking, and preoccupation with body image and sex Adolescence brings Piaget’s final stage of cognitive growth (abstract and complex thought) Cognitive Development in Adolescence

48. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 48 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Development of our sense of right and wrong Using moral dilemmas responses fell into 6 categories/stages I. Preconventional morality Stage 1: Reward/punishment Stage 2: Cost/benefit orientation; reciprocity

49. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 49 II. Conventional morality Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Stage 3: “Good child” orientation Stage 4: Law-and-order orientation III. Postconventional (principled) morality Stage 5: Social contract orientation Stage 6: Ethical principle orientation

50. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 50 Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning Critiques of Kohlberg’s theory: Culture and morality Gender and morality

51. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 51 Identity crisis Period of turmoil? Social and Emotional Issues in Adolescence The increasing influence of peers

52. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 52 What Developmental Challenges Do Adults Face? Nature and nurture continue to interact as we progress thorough a series of transitions in adulthood, with cultural norms about age combining with new technology to increase both the length and quality of life for many adults

53. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 53 Early and Emerging Adulthood Intimacy versus isolation Intimacy-capacity to make a full commitment Isolation-inability to connect with others in meaningful ways Exploration and experimentation work, lifestyle, worldviews

54. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 54 Challenges of Midlife Peak period of life as opposed to “over the hill” Generativity vs. stagnation Generativity – to make meaningful and lasting contributions to family, work, society, or future generations Most do not undergo a mid-life crisis Most do not experience the “empty nest syndrome”

55. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 55 Late Adulthood: The Age of Integrity According to Erikson, the final crisis involves ego-identity vs. despair Ego-identity – The ability to look back on life without regrets and to enjoy a sense of wholeness

56. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 56 The Last Developmental Problems You Will Face Some of the most obvious changes that occur with age affect physical abilities such as: Vision Hearing Thinking, learning, and problem solving Memory Sexual functioning Social interaction Emotions