1. Post –Soviet Central Asia 21 February 2007 Daniel Gray

2. Dissolution of the USSR  8 December 1991 DeclarationDeclaration  31 December 1991 Republics are now independently governedRepublics are now independently governed

4. The Bosses Emomali RahmonovNursultan NazarbayevKurmanbek Bakiyev TajikistanKazakhstanKyrgyzstan

5. Islom Karimov Karimova Saparmurat Niyazov “Turkmenbashi” The Bosses Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow Uzbekistan Turkmenistan

6. Cult of Personality

7. Civil War 1992-1997

8. Nationalism  Ethnic discrimination in the USSR Economically weakEconomically weak  Glasnost  Nationalist policies  1992 Election - Rahmon Nabiev Government/Moscow vs. Minorities, Democrats, IslamistsGovernment/Moscow vs. Minorities, Democrats, Islamists  Rebels take control of Gov.

9. War  December 1992 - Rebels ousted from Dushanbe  Rakhmon Nabiyev replaced by Emomali Rahmonov  Reorganize in Afghanistan  Ethnic Cleansing  UN Peace Treaty 1997

10. Security Issues Fundamentalism  Fergana Valley

11. Radical/Terrorist Groups  Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU)  Hizb ut-Tahrir (HT) Non-violent?Non-violent?

12. Operation Enduring Freedom  Supported by all Central Asian States Except TurkmenistanExcept Turkmenistan  Basing KyrgyzstanKyrgyzstan UzbekistanUzbekistan

13. WMD  Soviet Nuclear Legacy in Kazakhstan Semipalatinsk Test SiteSemipalatinsk Test Site  181 cases of illicit trafficking of nuclear materials between 1993-2001

14. Semipalatinsk Test Site

15. Andijan, Uzbekistan 2005  10 -11 May 2005 Protests against the arrest of 23 local businessmenProtests against the arrest of 23 local businessmen  12 May – Prison Break  13 May – Massacre  Death Toll: 500 - 1000

16. Aftermath  Western Response  Canceled support for Afghanistan mission  June 2005 - Pact with Russia

17. Oil  Bosporus Straits  Caspian Sea  How to Export??  Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline

20. Environment

21. Environmental Issues

22.  Top 10 World’s Worst Polluted Places  Radioactive Dump  Earthquakes, Floods  Affects 23,000 people Possibly Millions!Possibly Millions! MAILUU-SUU, KYRGYZSTAN

23. Aral Sea  1918 – Russia diverts Amu Darya/Syr Darya Rivers  Poorly Designed Canal System  Fourth biggest inland sea Now a desertNow a desert  Biological Weapons Plant Vozrozhdeniya IslandVozrozhdeniya Island

27. Vozrozhdeniya Island & Kantubek