1. Vertical and Horizontal Mergers Andrew Carnegie John Rockefeller J.P. Morgan

2. Production of steel Mining natural resources such as iron ore, coke, copper Mining natural resources such as iron ore, coke, copper Transport of resources to factory Transport of resources to factory Bessemer process to develop steel Bessemer process to develop steel Transport of steel to market for sale Transport of steel to market for sale

3. Andrew Carnegie Owned every aspect of his steel production Owned every aspect of his steel production The mines that produced the iron ore The mines that produced the iron ore The ships that carried it from the UP to docks at Erie, Pennsylvania The ships that carried it from the UP to docks at Erie, Pennsylvania The rails that transported it to his steel mills The rails that transported it to his steel mills The steel mills in Pittsburg The steel mills in Pittsburg

4. Production of oil Discovery Discovery Retrieval Retrieval Transport to refinery Transport to refinery Refining into usable components Refining into usable components Transport to markets for sale Transport to markets for sale

5. John D Rockefeller Purchased refineries to turn crude oil into kerosene Purchased refineries to turn crude oil into kerosene Purchased miles and miles of pipeline Purchased miles and miles of pipeline Built and owned most oil cars used for transportation of crude oil to refineries Built and owned most oil cars used for transportation of crude oil to refineries

6. Social Darwinism Belief that all men really aren't created equal Belief that all men really aren't created equal Some are destined for wealth and fame others just to be workers Some are destined for wealth and fame others just to be workers The rich will prevail and the poor will eventually benefit from more jobs, benevolent donations, etc from the rich The rich will prevail and the poor will eventually benefit from more jobs, benevolent donations, etc from the rich

7. Rockefeller practiced horizontal consolidation to create his monopoly Rockefeller practiced horizontal consolidation to create his monopoly Practice of many businesses in the same industry being joined together. Practice of many businesses in the same industry being joined together. A trust is simply many business being run by a board of directors, incidentally Rockefeller controlled these board members. A trust is simply many business being run by a board of directors, incidentally Rockefeller controlled these board members.