1. Exploring the Ocean Tools and Techniques Used to Explore Our Oceans

2. Research Vessels Ships and Boats –Most common –Versatile –Can carry many other types of research equipment –Wide variety – based on use Large ships with large crews for long term, distant research Small boats, small crews coastal research

3. Challenger Challenger (1872-1876) Fast sailing ship – Corvette Often considered to be first truly scientific oceanographic voyage –Crew of over 200, research party of 6 Soundings Sampled sea floor Collected biological specimens Measured water temp at various depths Measured and charted currents Made Atmospheric and Meteorological Observations

4. HMS Challenger

5. Glomar Challenger Glomar Challenger (1968) Deep sea drilling project Drilled and recovered cores from about 1000 holes drilled in Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans Cores provided evidence of sea floor spreading

6. 400 Ft long Drilling derrick – almost 200 ft above water level Can load 1million pound cores Glomar Challenger

8. Core Sample Storage at Woods Hole Oceanographic

14. Gravity Corer Cutting Head

18. Gravity Corer Cutting Head after a close encounter with a hydrothermal vent

25. JOIDES Resolution JOIDES Resolution (1980’s) Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling Follow-up to Glomar Challenger More modern and sophisticated

26. FLIP FLIP Flipping! FLIP – FLoating Instrument Platform Scripps Institute – La Jolla – Steady Platform for conducting research Must be towed to site

27. YouTube - FLIP marine research vessel

29. R/V Atlantis WHOI Research Vessel 3 Generation Carries wide array of equipment Best known for being able to deploy Alvin and Jason (submersibles)

30. Calypso Famous for being the flagship of Jacques Cousteau Cousteau was a world famous oceanographer, marine biologist and inventor of SCUBA

31. Submersibles Any vessel capable of going beneath the surface Can be manned or un-manned

32. Turtle Turtle (1776) One of the earliest submarines One man Vessel Powered by hand Designed for warfare –Was used to attach explosives to ships

33. Beebe’s Bathysphere 1934 Dr. William Beebe reached a depth of 900 meters in a steel chamber called a Bathysphere ( fits 2 people).

34. Trieste Trieste (1960)

36. Bathyscaphe – a bathysphere (strong sphere with viewing ports) that was not attached to surface ship One and only manned trip to Challenger Deep in Marianas Trench (35,000 ft /10,852 meters) took 4 hours

37. How was the Titanic located?  Using sonar and submersibles.  1934 Dr. William Beebe reached a depth of 900 meters in a steel chamber called a Bathysphere ( fits 2 people).  In 1960 a Swiss team of Auguste and Jacques Piccard, made the deepest dive in a submersible (bathyscaphe) to the bottom of the Mariana Trench (10,852 meters- 4 hrs.).  Alvin is a submersible that has logged in over 1000 dives. It holds a crew of 3.  Dr. Sylvia Earle holds the record for the deepest solo dive- 380 meters. (Jim Suit)

38. Alvin WHOI Submersible Carries remote instruments and crew of up to 3 persons, to almost 15,000 ft (86% of Earth’s Oceans)

39. Technology at WHOI :: Alvin

41. Pros and Cons of Submersibles Pros –Allows direct observation –Able to operate independent of surface ship –Can explore small features –Can remain stationary with relative ease Cons –Dependence on surface ship to carry or tow them to site –Small crew –Cramped and uncomfortable –Not a very large range

42. ROVs ROV – Remote Operated Vehicle Controlled from surface ship or with-in submersible Often carry camera, remote arm, collection devices, etc. Can be used to explore places too small or dangerous for submersible

43. Jason – ROV that was paired with Alvin in initial exploration of Titanic Jason being deployed from side of ship

44. Jason Jr. peers into a window of Titanic Hercules hovering near stern of Titanic

45. The Jim Suit  Dr. Sylvia Earle holds the record for the deepest solo dive- 380 meters. (Jim Suit)

46. What do you think each piece of equipment is used for?

47. How difficult is it to see underwater without a facemask? Why?

48. History of Diving  4500 years ago the ancient Greeks were the first to “dive”.  They used newly developed glass, it was very primitive and difficult to see through.  They dove for ornamental shells.

49. Diving Chamber The diving chamber was a huge barrel that contained a limited supply of air! The diving chamber was a huge barrel that contained a limited supply of air! It was attached to a ship, limited movement. It was attached to a ship, limited movement. Was made of metal so you couldn’t see through it Was made of metal so you couldn’t see through it

50. Diving Suit  The Diving Suit (1873)was made of watertight canvas  had a heavy metal helmet into which air was pumped from the surface.  Limited movement, still attached to the ship.

51. 12 Steps of Honor

52. SCUBA  SCUBA- self contained underwater breathing apparatus (aqualung) was developed by Jacques Cousteau and his partner Emil Gagnan in 1942.  It allowed for greater movement and freedom underwater.

53. Jacques Cousteau

54. Sediment Sampling Shipek Grab

56. Clamshell Sampler

57. Water Sampling Niskin Bottle Top and bottom close at a predetermined depth to collect water Water brought to surface for testing

58. Conductivity (salinity) and Temperature with Depth –CTD Carousel

62. Nansen Bottle Similar to Niskin Bottle, used to collect water at various depths

63. Secchi Disc White disc used to measure water’s transparency Where the disc disappears, there is 18% transparency

64. Viewing and Listening SONAR –SONAR –SOund Navigation And Ranging Uses reflected sound waves to detect objects –Ocean Floor Profiles –Objects –Animals

65. Active Sonar –Emitting the sound and listening for the echo to return Passive Sonar –Listening for sounds in the ocean (both natural and man-made)

66. Side-Scan Sonar –Ship drags torpedo-like device behind –Emits and collects wide “beam” –Produces high resolution image of bottom

70. Biological Collections Plankton Nets –Collect small swimming / floating organisms

75. Satellite Data Collection Can collect data from remote devices Can actively collect data –Ocean temps –Water height –Biological activity See Page 79 - text

76. Anchored Buoy System Series of buoys through oceans Anchored to sea floor At various depths on anchoring cable may be sensors (temp, salinity, currents) Buoy may collect weather, wave height data Data can be transmitted via satellite http://www.ndbc.noaa.gov